917.7 

C72w 

1847 


fOTJlllST 


PUBLISHED  BY 

J ,H. COLT OH 


1847 


LIBRARY  OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 
AT  URBANA-CHAMPAICN 

917.7 
C7£w 

1847 


I.H.S. 


THE 

WESTERN  TOURIST 

OR 

EMIGRANT'S   GUIDE 

THROUGH  THE  STA.£S  OF 

OHIO,  MICHIGAN,  INDIANA,  ILLINOIS,  AND 
'MISSOURI, 

AND  THE  TERRITORIES  OF 

WISCONSIN   AND   IOWA: 


BEING   AN   ACCURATE   AND   CONCISE   DESCRIPTION   OF  EACJ> 
STATE,    TERRITORY,   AND   COUNTY. 

ALSO,  DESCRIBING  ALL  THE  PRINCIPAL  STAGE  ROUTES,  CANALS, 
RAILROADS,  AND  THE  DISTANCES  BETWEEN  THE  TOWNS. 

ACCOMPANIED  WITH  A  CORRECT  MAP, 

•BOWING  THB  TOWNSHIP  LINES   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES*  SURVEYS,  THK 
BOUNDARIES  OF  COUNTIES,  POSITION  OF  VILLAGES,  ETC. 


NEW  YORK: 

PUBLISHED  BY  J.  H.  COLTON, 
86  Cedar-street. 

1847. 


ENTERED,  according  to  the  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  133P,  by  J. 
H.  COLTO.T,  in  the  Clerk's  office  of  the  District  Court  of  (he  Southern 
District  of  New-York. 


STEREOTYPED   BY 

C.  YALENTIJfB 


4/7,7 


in.  Hist, 


J 


PRKFACE. 


THE  great  region  of  the  North  and  West  comprehended  in 
the  States  of  Ohio,  Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Missouri, 
and  the  Territories  of  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  is  daily  becoming 
more  and  more  important  and  interesting.  Its  vast  resources 
are  in  a  state  of  rapid  development ;  industry  and  enterprize, 
aided  by  enlightened  legislation,  are  calling  forth  its  energies, 
and  the  prophetic  declaration  that  "  westward  the  star  of  em- 
pire takes  its  way,"  is  advancing  to  its  fulfilment.  A  few 
years  since,  this  region,  then  denominated  the  "  far  west,"  was 
regarded  as  the  outskirts  of  civilization,  it  is  now  (the  greatest 
proportion  of  it)  the  residence  of  an  active,  enterprizing  and 
intelligent  population.  Cities  have  sprung  up  as  if  by  magic  ; 
agriculture,  manufactures  and  commerce  flourish;  literature, 
science  and  the  arts  are  extending  their  healthful  and  invigora- 
ting influence  throughout  the  country.  Blessed  with  a  soil  un- 
surpassed in  fertility  and  a  salubrious  climate,  and  possessing, 
by  means  of  its  great  rivers  and  lakes,  advantages  for  trade 
and  commerce,  it  must,  ere  the  lapse  of  vaany  years,  enjoy  all 
the  advantages  that  can  render  a  country  prosperous  and  a 
people  happy. 

Under  the  head  of  each  State  will  be  found  its  respective 


IV  PREFACE. 

I 

boundaries   and  extent — Face  of  the  Country — Hirers  and 
Lakes — Form  of  Government — Sketch  of  each  County— &c. 

To  the  traveling  community,  this  book  will  be  a  desidera- 
tum, embodying  as  it  actually  does,  all  the  stage  and  steam. 
boat  routs,  locations  of  Canals  and  Rail-Roads,  with  Tables 
of  distances,  &c. 

The  map  attached  to  this  work  has  been  carefully  reduced 
from  the  Government  Surveys,  and  is  the  most  complete  gen- 
eral map  of  the  Western  States  yet  published. 


CONTENTS. 


GENERAL  VIEW  OF  THE  ST.  LAWRENCE  AND 
MISSISSIPPI  VALLEYS. 

The  Valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence — The  Valley  of  the  Miss- 
issippi— The  Valley  of  the  Ohio — The  Upper  Missis. 
sippi  Valley — The  Valley  of  the  Missouri — The  Valley 
of  the  Lower  Mississippi — Inundations  of  the  Missis, 
sippi — Face  of  the  country — Climate,  Diseases,  &c.  .  7 

PUBLIC  LANDS. 

Land  Offices  and  Land  Districts — System  of  Surveys — 
Meridian  and  Base  Lines — Townships — Diagram  of  a 
township  divided  into  sections,  &c. — Pre-emption  rights 
—Amount  of  Lands  sold  at  the  several  offices — Amount 
of  Lands  sold  in  the  United  States  from  1820  to  the  30th 
September,  1837, 27 

OHIO. 

Boundaries  and  Extent — Face  of  the  Country — Rivers—- 
Form of  Government — Sketch  of  each  County-«-Alpha- 
Internal  Improvements,  &c 30 

MICHIGAN. 
Boundaries  and  Extent,  &c.       .......••90 


VI  CONTENTS. 

INDIANA. 
Boundaries  and  Extent,  &c. .45 

ILLINOIS. 
Boundaries  and  Eztent,  &c ...       60 

MISSOURI. 
Boundaries  and  Extent,  &c 75 

WISCONSIN. 
Boundaries  and  Extent,  &c 102 

IOWA. 
Boundaries  and  Extent,  &c 107 

STAGE  ROUTS,  &c. 
In  Ohio — Michigan — Indiana — Illinois — Missouri,    .         Ill 


GENERAL   VIEW 

OF   THE 

ST.  LAWRENCE  AND  MISSISSIPPI 
VALLEYS. 


THE  country  delineated  by  this  work  is  occupied 
by  the  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and 
Missouri ;  and  the  Wisconsin  and  Iowa  Territories, 
known  as  the  north-western  States  and  Territories, 
which  are  embraced  in  the  upper  sections  of  the  two 
great  Valleys  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Mississippi. 

The  St.  Lawrence  Valley  or  Basin,  contains  the 
five  great  western  lakes,  and  bounds  the  greater  part 
of  the  northern  frontier  of  the  United  States.  Be- 
ginning at  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  it  extends 
nearly  to  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  a  distance 
of  about  1800  miles  ;  and  is  computed  to  contain 
511,930  square  miles  of  surface  ;  72,930  of  which 
are  covered  with  water.  It  may  be  divided  into 
three  great,  but  unequal  parts  ;  the  upper,  middle 
and  lower.  The. first,  in  form  of  a  rhomb,  has  an 
area  of  about  90,000  square  miles,  one-third  of  which 
is  occupied  by  Lake  Superior,  its  length  is  about  500 
miles,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  80,  mean  depth  900 
feet,  elevated  624  feet  above  the  Ocean  level.  Into 
this  reservoir  are  poured  upwards  of  50  rivers,  none 
of  which  are  of  much  importance.  Though  indivi- 
dually small,  the  quantity  of  water  supplied  collec- 
tively by  the  numerous  tributaries  of  Lake  Superior, 


8  VALLEY   OF   THE   ST.   LAWRENCE. 

must  be  very  great.  The  whole  mass,  composing  a 
large  river,  is  forced  through  the  Straits  of  St.  Mary, 
a  distance  of  60  miles,  into  Lake  Huron.  Sault  St. 
Marie,  a  fall  of  22  ft.  10  in.  in  half  a  mile,  is  the 
largest  of  three  rapids  which  obstruct  navigation. 

The  middle  division  forms  a  quadrangle  of  about 
160,000  square  miles,  having  the  three  great  central 
lakes,  Michigan,  Huron  and  Erie  in  its  lowest  de- 
pressions. Lake  Michigan  is  a  great  chasm  of  800 
feet  in  depth  below  its  surface,  about  300  miles  long 
by  65  mean  width,  and  elevated  579  feet  above  tide 
level.  The  streams  which  fall  into  it  are  generally 
small,  but  very  numerous.  Lake  Michigan  commu- 
nicates  with  Lake  Huron  by  the  Straits  of  Mackinac. 
Lake  Huron  is  an  expanded  triangular  body  of  wa- 
ter, and  is  divided  into  two  unequal  parts  by  the  Ma- 
nitoulin  islands,  and  a  peninsular  projecting  from  its" 
south-east  side.  Between  the  north-eastern  shore 
and  the  Manitoulin  group,  extends  a  strait  of  200 
miles  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of  about  30  miles. 
The  mean  breadth  of  the  lake  is  95  miles,  and  occu- 
pies an  area  of  19,000  square  miles,  receiving  the 
vast  discharge  of  Lake  Superior  and  Michigan  in  its 
north-western  angle,  Lake  Nipissing  on  its  north- 
eastern, and  several  minor  streams.  These  accu- 
mulated waters  are  discharged  from  its  southern  ex- 
tremity by  the  Strait  of  St.  Glair,  a  distance  of  35 
miles,  with  a  rapid  current,  into  Lake  St.  Clair. 
Lake  St.  Clair  is  a  small,  shallow,  circular  expansion 
of  about  20  miles  in  diameter.  It  empties  into  Lake 
Erie  by  the  Detroit  Strait.  Lake  Erie  forms  the 
most  southern  part  of  the  middle  basin  of  the  St. 
Lawrence.  It  is  elevated  560  feet  above  tide  level, 
and  lies  19  ft.  3  in.  below  the  level  of  Lake  Huron- 


VALLEY   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI.  9 

Its  form  is  elliptical,  but  much  elongated,  280  miles 
in  length,  and  but  little  exceeding  50  miles  in  breadth 
at  its  widest  parts,  average  depth  200  feet.  This 
congregated  mass  of  waters  from  the  upper  lakes, 
and  the  many  tributaries  of  Erie,  in  their  course 
through  the  Niagara  Strait  or  River,  are  precipitated 
down  the  Great  Falls  of  Niagara,  into  the  lower  ba- 
sin of  the  St.  Lawrence  ;  when,  after  a  distance  of 
14  miles  from  the  falls,  they  are  again  expanded  and 
form  Lake  Ontario,  whose  mean  length  is  180  miles, 
width  30.  The  St.  Lawrence  River  after  a  course 
of  692  miles  connects  it  with  the  Atlantic,  and  is  the 
second  river  in  magnitude  in  America ;  it  is  100 
miles  wide  at  its  mouth,  and  navigable  for  ships  of 
the  largest  class  400  miles  from  the  ocean. 

THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI. 

WE  have  already  seen  that  no  considerable  rivers 
run  into  the  lakes  of  the  St.  Lawrence  ;  and  this  may 
prepare  us  for  the  fact,  which  is  obvious  on  inspect- 
ing  the  map,  that  many  of  the  streams  which  empty 
into  the  Mississippi  rise  very  near  to  the  lakes 
Take  for  example  the  Ohio,  which  rises  within  five 
miles  of  Lake  Erie,  and  there  are  many  similar  ca- 
ses. It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  that  no  mountains  or 
grounds  of  considerable  elevation,  divide  the  tributa- 
ries of  the  lakes  from  those  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 
On  the  contrary,  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  arf, 
so  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  Des  Plaines,  (a  continu- 
ation of  the  Illinois,)  which  flows  into  the  Mississippi, 
that  in  seasons  of  great  flood  their  waters  not  only 
mingle,  but  boats  have  been  known  to  pass  from  the 
one  into  the  other.  The  Valley  of  the  Mississippi 


10  VALLEY   OF  THE   OHIO. 

embraces  all  that  past  of  the  United  States  lying  be. 
tween  the  Alleghany  or  Appalachian  Mountains,  and 
the  Chippewayan  or  Rocky  Mountains  ;  the  waters 
of  which  are  discharged  through  the  mouths  of  the 
Mississippi  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

This  great  central  valley  may  be  divided  into  four 
parts.  First,  the  portion  between  the  lakes  and  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  ;  this  is  traversed  by  the  Ohio, 
and  its  numerous  confluents.  Second,  the  portion 
between  the  lakes  and  the  Missouri,  this  is  traversed 
by  the  Mississippi  proper.  Third,  the  portion  occu- 
pied by  the  Missouri  itself,  including  the  course  of  the 
River  Platte.  Fourth,  the  Valley  of  the  Lower  Mis. 
sissippi,  with  the  Arkansas  and  Red  Rivers. 

THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  OHIO. 

THE  Ohio  Valley  is  subdivided  by  the  river  into 
two  unequal  sections,  leaving  on  the  right  or  north- 
west  side  80,000,  and  on  the  left  or  south-east  side, 
116,000  square  miles.  The  Ohio  river  flows  in  a 
deep  ravine,  which  forms  a  common  recipient  for  the 
waters  drained  from  both  slopes.  The  length  of  the 
ravine,  in  a  direct  line  from  Pittsburg  to  the  Missis. 
•sippi,  is  540  miles,  but  by  following  the  serpentine 
course  of  the  Ohio,  is  a  distance  of  948  miles. 
*"  The  hills  are  generally  found  near  the  rivers  or 
larger  creeks,  and  parallel  to  them  on  each  side, 
having  between  them  the  alluvial  valley  through 
which  the  stream  meanders,  usually  near  the  middle, 
but  sometimes  washing  the  foot  of  either  hill.  Per- 
haps  the  best  idea  of  the  topography  of  this  region 

*  Bourne. 


VALLEY  OF  THE   OHIO.  11 

may  be  obtained,  by  conceiving  it  to  be  one  vast  ele- 
vated plain,  near  the  center  of  which  the  streams 
rise,  and  in  their  course  wearing  down  a  bed  or  val- 
iey,  whose  depth  is  in  proportion  to  their  size  or  the 
solidity  of  the  earth  over  which  they  flow.  So  that 
our  hills,  with  some  few  exceptions,  are  nothing  more 
or  less  than  cliffs  or  banks  made  by  the  action  of  the 
streams,  and  although  these  cliffs  or  banks  on  the 
rivers  or  large  creeks  approach  the  size  of  moun- 
tains, yet  their  tops  are  generally  level  like  the  re- 
mains of  an  ancient  plain."  The  tributaries  of  the 
Ohio  which  flow  from  the  Alleghany  Mountains  are, 
from  their  sources  nearly  to  their  mouths,  mountain 
torrents,  and  have  their  courses  generally  in  deep 
channels,  and  often  through  deep  chasms  with  per- 
pendicular banks  of  limestone ;  those  flowing  from  the 
north-west,  rise  in  the  table-land  forming  the  dividing 
ridge  between  the  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
the  Mississippi,  with  a  slight  current,  but  increase  in 
their  velocity  until  they  unite  with  the  Ohio.  In  its 
natural  state,  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  was  for  the  most 
part  covered  with  a  dense  forest,  but  the  central  plain 
presents  an  exception.  As  far  east  as  the  sources 
of  the  Muskingum,  commenced  open  savannahs,  cov- 
ered with  grass  and  devoid  of  timber.  Like  the 
plain  itself,  those  savannahs  expand  to  the  westward 
and  open  into  immense  natural  meadows,  known  un- 
der the  denomination  of  prairies.  The  Ohio  from 
Pittsburgh  to  the  Mississippi,  a  course  of  nine  hun- 
dred  and  forty-eight  miles,  falls  only  about  400  feet, 
or  about  5  inches  in  a  mile.  This  river,  and  its  prin- 
cipal  branch  the  Alleghany,  are  in  a  striking  man- 
ner gentle  as  respects  currents  ;  and  from  Olean,  in 
the  state  of  New- York,  to  the  Mississippi,  over  a  dis- 


12  UPPER   MISSISSIPPI   VALLEY. 

tance  of  1160  miles,  following  the  streams,  at  a  mod 
erately  high  flood,  it  meets  (excepting  the  rapids  at 
Louisville)  with  not  a  single  serious  natural  impedi- 
ment. The  Monongahela  more  impetuous,  is  yet 
navigable  far  into  Virginia.  On  the  north-west  side 
of  the  valley,  the  rivers  are  extremely  rapid.  Rising 
on  a  table-land  from  300  to  100  feet  above  their 
mouths,  and  in  no  instance  having  a  direct  course  of 
300  miles,  the  streams,  though  falling  gradually,  are 
almost  torrents.  The  Big  Beaver,  Muskingum  and 
Hockhocking,  have  'direct  falls  ;  but  the  Sciota,  Mi- 
ami  and  Wabash,  though  rapid,  have  no  falls  that  se- 
riously impede  navigation. 

THE  UPPER  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY. 

THE  Mississippi  rises  in  Lat.  47°  10',  N.,  Lon.  95° 
54',  W.,  surrounded  by  an  immense  marshy  plain,  in- 
dented with  small  lakes  abounding  with  fish  and  wild 
rice,  and  elevated  1500  feet  above  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
co It  is  a  circumstance  peculiar  to  this  river,  that 
the  physiognomy  of  nature  around  its  head  bears  so 
strong  resemblance  to  that  of  its  estuary.  A  dif- 
ference  of  19  degrees  of  latitude  precludes  much 
similarity  in  vegetable  or  stationary  animal  produc- 
tion. But,  says  Mr.  Schoolcraft,  who  visited  the 
sources  in  the  month  of  July,  "  the  migratory  water 
fowl  found  there  at  that  time  of  the  year,  are  very 
nearly  the  same  which  flock  in  countless  millions 
over  the  Delta  in  December,  January,  February  and 
March.  It  is  also  deserving  of ,  remark,  that  its 
sources  lie  in  a  region  of  almost  continual  winter, 
while  it  enters  the  Ocean  under  the  latitude  of  per- 
petual verdure."  On  a  view  of  the  particular  valley 


TIPPER   MISSISSIPPI   VALLEY.  13 

of  the  Mississippi,  its  general  sameness  first  strikes 
the  eye.  No  chains  or  groups  of  mountains  rise  to 
vary  the  scene.  Over  so  wide  a  space  as  180,000 
square  miles,  some  solitary  elevations  exist,  whic*h, 
for  want  of  contrast,  are  dignified  by  the  name  of 
mountains ;  but  few  continuous  tracts  of  equal  ex- 
tent, affords  so  little  diversity  of  surface. 

The  upper  part  of  the  Mississippi  is  traversed  by 
numerous  falls  and  rapids  of  inconsiderable  descent, 
until,  after  a  meandering  course  of  420  miles,  it  pre- 
cipitates its  waters  down  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony, 
16£  feet  perpendicular ;  and  9  miles  below,  receives 
its  largest  confluent,  the  St.  Peters,  which  rises  among 
the  sacred  red-pipestone  quarries  of  the  Indians. 
The  Mississippi  from  the  St.  Peters  to  some  distance  < 
below  Galena,  flows  in  small  streams,  (with  the  ex- 
ception of  Lake  Pepin,  an  expansion  of  20  miles  in 
length  and  5  in  width,)  curling  among  a  multitude  of 
islands,  which  in  the  summer  season  are  clothed  with 
grass,  flowers  and  forest  trees  ;  and  so  thickly  cov- 
ered, that  it  is  said,  there  are  but  three  places  be- 
tween Prairie  du  Chien  and  St.  Peters  river,  a  dis- 
tance of  220  miles,  where  you  can  see  across  the 
river.  The  bluffs  which  bound  the  river  are  delight- 
ful to  the  eye,  running  frequently  in  high  and  continu- 
ous ridges,  then  divided  by  valleys  and  streams  en- 
tering the  river  ;  and  are  covered  to  the  summit  with 
the  same  splendid  verdure  as  the  islands. 

The  Mississippi  after  a  distance  of  990  miles  from 
its  source,  and  receiving  in  its  course  from  the  east, 
the  Chippewa,  Wisconsin,  Rock  and  Illinois  rivers, 
and  many  smaller  streams ;  and  from  the  west,  the 
St.  Peters,  Up.  Iowa,  Turkey,  Makoqueta,  Wapsi- 
>inecon,  Iowa,  DP.S  Moine  and  Salt  rivers,  and  many 


14  VALLEY   OF   THE   MISSOURI. 

others  of  less  note,  unite  and  mingle  its  bright  waters 
with  the  dark  Missouri. 

THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  MISSOURI. 

THE  Missouri  rises  in  the  Chippewayan  or  Rocky 
Mountains.  As  viewed  from  the  course  of  this  river, 
the  mountains  rise  abruptly  out  of  the  plains,  which 
lie  extended  at  their  base,  and  tower  in  peaks  of  great 
height,  which  render  them  visible  at  an  immense  dis- 
tance. They  consist  of  ridges,  knobs  and  peaks, 
variously  disposed,  among  which  are  interspersed 
many  broad  and  fertile  valleys.  The  more  elevated 
parts  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow,  which  give 
them  at  a  distance,  a  most  brilliant  appearance. 
They  are  covered  with  a  scattering  growth  of  scrub, 
by  pine,  oak,  cedar  and  furze.  The  Missouri  rises 
far  within  the  bosom  of  the  mountains,  and  is  divi- 
ded by  a  single  ridge  from  the  waters  of  the  Colum- 
bia, which  flows  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  In  its  early 
course,  it  flows  through  small  but  beautiful  and  fer- 
tile valleys,  deeply  embosomed  amidst  the  surround- 
ing heights,  and  forms  a  variety  of  islands  in  its  pro- 
gress, till  at  length  it  issues  from  these  verdant  re- 
cesses  by  a  rocky  pass,  which  has  not  unaptly  been 
called  the  Gates  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

*  For  five  and  three  quarter  miles  these  rocks  rise 
on  both  sides  of  the  river,  perpendicularly  from  the 
water's  edge,  to  the  height  of  nearly  1,200  feet.  The 
river  (three  hundred  and  fifty  yards  in  width)  seems 
to  have  forced  its  channel  through  this  solid  mass ; 
but  so  reluctantly  has  it  given  way,  that,  during  the 

*  Lewis  and  Clark. 


VALLEY    OF   THE   MISSOURI.  15 

whole  distance,  the  water  is  very  deep,  even  at  the 
edges,  and  for  the  first  three  miles  there  is  not  a  spot, 
except  one  of  a  few  yards,  in  which  a  man  could 
stand  between  the  waters  and  the  towering  perpen- 
dicular of  the  mountains.  The  convulsion  of  the 
passage  must  have  been  terrible,  since  at  its  outlet 
there  are  vast  columns  of  rock  torn  from  the  moun- 
tains, which  are  strewed  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
the  trophies,  as  it  were,  of  the  victory.  This  extra- 
ordinary range  of  rocks  is  called  the  "  Gates  of  the 
Rocky  mountains."  At  the  junction  of  the  Yellow- 
Stone  and  the  Missouri,  the  river  by  either  branch 
has  flowed  more  than  a  thousand  miles.  A  few  miles 
below  the  influx  of  the  Yellow-Stone,  the  Missouri 
has  reached  its  utmost  northern  bend,  in  N.  Lat. 
48°  20';  and  curves,  by  a  regular  sweep  of  200 
miles,  to  the  Mandan  villages.  The  Platte  and  Kan- 
sas are  two  great  confluents  of  the  Missouri,  rising  in 
the  same  mountains,  and  flowing  eastwardly,  the 
former  700,  and  the  latter  600  miles.  The  Platte 
derives  its  name  from  the  circumstance  of  its  being 
broad  and  shoal ;  its  average  width  being  about  1,200 
yards,  exclusive  of  the  islands  it  embosoms,  with  a 
rapid  current,  and  is  fordable  almost  every  where. 
The  character  of  the  Kansas  is  nearly  similar,  being 
navigable  only  in  high  freshets,  and  then  not  exeeed- 
ing  200  miles  from  its  mouth.  Grand  and  Chariton 
on  the  north,  and  Osage  and  Gasconade  on  the  south, 
(navigable  streams,)  are  tributaries  of  the  Missouri* 
After  a  direct  course  of  1,870  miles,  and  a  meander- 
ing one  of  3,000,  the  Missouri  unites  with  the  Mis- 
sissippi. The  valley  of  the  Missouri  occupies  an  area 
of  523,000  square  miles.  Three  remarkable  features 
exist  in  it — first,  the  turbid  character  of  its  waters  ; 


16  VALLEY   OF   THE    MISSOURI. 

second,  the  very  unequal  volumes  of  the  right  and 
left  confluents  ;  and  third,  the  immense  excess  of  the 
open  prairies  over  the  river  lines  of  the  forest.  In 
the  direction  of  the  western  rivers,  the  inclined  plane 
of  the  Missouri  extends  800  miles  from  the  Chippe- 
wayan  mountains,  and  rather  more  than  that  distance 
from  south  to  north,  from  the  southern  branches  of 
the  Kansas,  to  the  extreme  heads  of  the  northern 
confluents  of  the  valley.  *  "  Ascending  from  the 
lower  verge  of  this  widely  extended  plain,  wood  be- 
comes  more  and  more  scarce,  until  one  naked  sur- 
face spreads  on  all  sides.  Even  the  ridges  and 
chains  of  the  mountains  partake  of  these  traits  of 
desolation.  The  traveler  in  those  parts,  who  has 
read  the  descriptions  of  central  Asia  by  Tooke  or 
Pallas,  will  feel,  on  the  higher  branches  of  the  Mis- 
souri,  a  resemblance  at  once  striking  and  appalling. 
He  will  regret  how  much  of  the  earth's  surface  is 
doomed  to  irremediable  silence,  and  if  near  the  Chip- 
pewayan  heights  in  winter,  he  will  acknowledge,  that 
the  utmost  intensity  of  frost  in  Siberia  and  Mongolia 
has  its  full  counterpart  in  North  America,  on  similar, 
if  not  on  lower  latitudes."  "  But  of  all  the  charac- 
teristics which  distinguish  the  Missouri  and  its  con- 
fluents, the  few  direct  falls,  or  even  rapids,  is  certainly 
the  most  remarkable.  Between  Dearborne's  and 
Maria's  rivers,  the  stream  leaves  the  Chippewayan 
range  by  rolling  over  ledges  of  rocks  for  a  distance 
of  18  miles,  after  which  this  overwhelming  mass  of 
water,  though  every  where  flowing  with  great  rapid- 
ity, no  where  swells  into  a  lake,  or  rolls  over  a  single 
cataract,  in  a  distance  of  at  least  3,500  miles,  to  the 

*  Darby. 


VALLEY  OF   THE   LOWER   MISSISSIPPI.  17 

Gulf  of  Mexico.  If,  therefore,  the  Amazon  is  ex. 
cepted,  the  Missouri  and  its  continuation,  the  Mis- 
sissippi, afford  the  most  extended,  uninterrupted  line  of 
river  navigation  which  has  ever  been  discovered." 

VALLEY  OF  THE  LOWER  MISSISSIPPI. 

AFTER  being  joined  by  the  Missouri,  the  Missis- 
sippi makes  a  direct  course  of  820,  or  following  its 
meanderings,  1,265  miles,  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  In 
no  circumstance  is  the  physical  geography  of  the 
United  States  more  remarkable  than  in  the  extreme 
inequality  of  the  two  opposing  planes,  down  which 
are  poured  the  confluents  of  the  Mississippi,  below 
the  influx  of  the  Ohio.  The  western  inclined  plane, 
falling  from  the  Rocky  mountains,  sweeps  over  up- 
wards of  800  miles ;  while  the  eastern,  sloping  from 
the  Appalachian,  has  not  a  mean  width  of  100  miles. 
The  rivers  which  drain  the  two  slopes  are,  in  re- 
spective length,  proportionate  to  the  extent  of  their 
planes,  of  descent.  Although  Red  river  exceeds  a 
comparative  course  of  800  miles,  the  Arkansas  of 
1,000,  and  White  river  of  400,  the  longest  stream 
from  the  opposite  slope  falls  short  of  200  miles.  The 
alluvian  brought  down  by  such  volumes  of  water  as 
those  of  White,  Arkansas,  and  Red  rivers,  explains 
satisfactorily  the  reason  why  the  Mississippi  infringes 
so  often  on  the  eastern,  and  no  where  below  the  Ohio 
touches  the  western  blufls.  The  lower  valley  of  the 
Mississippi  is  the  most  variegated  section  of  the 
United  States.  *  "Every  form  of  landscape,  every 
trait  of  natural  physiognomy,  and  an  exhau«Ue«s 

*  Darby. 
2* 


18  INUNDATIONS    OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI. 

quantity,  with  an  illimitable  specific  diversity  of  ve- 
getable  and  metallic  productions,  are  found  upon  this 
extensive  region.  It  is  flanked  on  the  east  by  a 
dense  forest,  and  on  the  west  by  the  naked  ridges 
and  spires  of  the  Chippewayan  mountains  ;  while  the 
deep  entangled  woods  of  the  Mississippi  stand  in 
striking  relief  against  the  expansive  prairies  of  the 
Arkansas  and  Red  rivers." 

INUNDATIONS  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI. 

THE  spring  floods  to  which  the  Mississippi  is 
subject,  are  remarkable  for  their  long  and  steady 
continuance ;  a  circumstance  highly  favorable  to 
.nland  navigation.  It  is  obvious,  on  a  glance  at  the 
different  regions  from  whence  the  waters  are  drawn, 
that  the  rivers  must  be  high  at  different  periods  of 
the  year.  It  is  evident,  also,  that  in  the  breaking 
up  of  winter,  the  water  in  the  same  valley  is  drawn 
from  its  sources  gradually ;  when,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  Mississippi,  the  river  flows  from  the  poles  towards 
the  equator.  Similar  remarks  apply  to  the  Ohio  and 
the  Arkansas  ;  so  that  the  duration  of  the  flood  sea- 
son is  thus  lengthened,  while  the  quantity  of  water 
in  a  given  time  is  moderated.  Generally,  the  Red 
river  flows  out  in  February,  or  early  in  March.  The 
great  flood  from  the  Arkansas,  the  Ohio,  and  the 
Upper  Mississippi,  commences  early  in  March,  and 
attains  its  full  height  in  the  middle  of  June.  Abating 
from  the  latter  period,  it  has  nearly  subsided  by  the 
first  of  August,  when  the  retarded  flow  of  the  Mis- 
souri arrives  to  complete  the  annual  inundation. 


FACE   OF   THE   COUNTRY.  19 


FACE  OF  THE  COUNTRY. 

THE  surface  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  may  be  ar 
ranged  under  three  natural  divisions — the  forest, 
or  thickly  timbered,  the  barrens,  and  prairie  country. 
The  timber  most  abundant  in  this  territory  are  the 
oak,  of  various  species,  black  and  white  walnut,  ash 
of  the  several  varieties,  elm,  sugar-maple,  honey, 
locust,  birch,  buck-eye,  hack-berry,  linden,  hickory, 
cotton-wood,  white  and  yellow  pine,  peccan,  mulber- 
ry,  sycamore,  box,  sassafras,  persimmon,  with  several 
others.  The  undergrowth  consists  principally  of  red 
bud,  paw-paw,  sumach,  plum,  crab-apple,  dog-wood, 
hazel,  spice-bush,  grape  vines,  green  brier,  &c.  The 
.trees  are  very  luxuriant  in  their  growth,  and  are  fre- 
quently found  of  a  stupendous  size. 

Barrens  are  a  species  of  country  of  a  mixed  cha- 
racter, uniting  forest  and  prairie.  They  are  covered 
with  scattered  oaks,  rough  and  stinted  in  their  ap- 
pearance, interspersed  with  patches  of  hazel,  brush- 
wood,  and  tough  grass.  The  appearance  of  this 
description  of  country  led  the  early  settlers  to  sup- 
pose, that  the  scantiness  of  the  timber  was  owing  to 
the  sterility  of  the  soil,  and  hence,  the  title  thus  igno- 
rantly  given,  became  of  universal  application  to  this 
extensive  tract  of  country.  It  is  ascertained,  how- 
ever, that  those  "  barrens"  have  as  productive  a  soil 
as  can  be  found  in  the  western  states — healthy,  more 
rolling  than  the  prairies,  and  abounding  with  that  im- 
portant requisite,  good  springs.  The  fire  passes  over 
these  "  barrens"  in  the  fall,  but  owing  to  the  insuffi- 
ciency of  the  fuel,  is  not  able  to  destroy  entirely  the 
umber.  The  farmer  may  settle,  without  hesitation- 


20  FACE   OF   THE   COUNTRY. 

on  any  part  of  this  land,  where  he  can  find  timber 
enough  for  his  present  wants,  for  the  soil  is  better 
adapted  to  all  the  purposes  of  farming  and  changes 
of  the  seasons,  than  the  deeper  and  richer  mould  of 
the  prairies. 

The  next,  and  far  most  extensive  surface,  is  the 
"openings,"  the  rich  level,  or  rolling  prairies,  inter- 
spersed  with  belts  and  points  of  timber,  and  the  vast 
sterile  prairies  of  the  Far  West. 

And  first,  the  "  oak  openings,"  so  termed  from 
their  distinctive  feature  of  the  varieties  of  oak  which 
are  scattered  over  them,  interspersed  at  times  with 
pine,  black  walnut,  and  other  forest  trees,  which 
spring  from  a  rich  vegetable  soil.  The  surface  is 
ordinarily  dry  and  rolling,  with  trees  of  a  moderate 
growth.  Among  the  "  oak  openings,"  are  found 
some  of  the  most  lovely  landscapes  of  the  west ;  and 
for  miles  and  miles,  a  varied  scenery  of  natural 
growth,  with  all  the  diversity  of  gently  swelling  hill 
and  dale — here,  trees  grouped  or  standing  single ; 
and  there,  arranged  in  long  avenues,  as  though 
planted  with  human  hands,  with  slips  of  open  mea- 
dow between.  Sometimes  the  "  openings"  are  dot- 
ted  with  numerous  clear  lakes,  and  form  scenes  of 
enchanting  loveliness.  They  are  fed  by  subterra- 
neous springs,  or  the  rains ;  and  few  having  any  ap- 
parent outlet,  lose  their  surplus  waters  by  evapora- 
tion. Michigan  and  Illinois  abound  with  these  oak 
openings.  The  rich  "rolling  prairie"  forms  the 
second  division,  which  presents  other  features,  and  in 
a.  great  degree  another  vegetation.  These  prairies 
abound  with  the  thickest  and  most  luxuriant  belts  of 
forest ;  or,  as  they  are  termed,  "  timbers,"  scattered 
over  the  open  face  of  the  country,  in  bands  or  patch 


FACE    OF   THE    COUNTRY.  21 

es  of  every  possible  form  and  size,  generally  follow, 
ing  the  meanders  of  the  water  courses,  sometimes  at 
short  distances,  at  other  times,  miles  and  miles  apart. 
They  present  wide  and  slightly  undulating  tracts  of 
the  rankest  herbage  and  flowers,  many  ridges  and 
hollows  filled  with  purple  thistles,  and  ponds  filled 
with  aquatic  plants.  In  Missouri,  they  occupy  the 
higher  portions  of  the  country ;  the  descent  to  the 
wooded  "  bottoms"  being  invariably  over  steep  and 
stony  declivities.  The  depth  and  richness  of  the 
soil  on  these  lands  are  almost  incredible,  and  the 
edges  of  the  timbered  strips  are  the  favorite  haunt 
of  the  emigrant  settler  and  backwoodsman,  in  quest 
of  game.  Over  these  rolling  "  prairies"  the  fire 
commonly  passes  in  the  autumn,  and  to  this  cause  is 
attributed  their  want  of  trees ;  as,  whenever  a  few 
years  elapse  without  the  fire  touching  a  district,  the 
thick  sown  seeds  of  the  slumbering  forest,  with  which 
the  rich  vegetable  mould  is  laden,  spring  up  from  the 
green  sod  of  the  prairies.  The  surface  is  first  cov- 
ered with  brush-wood,  composed  of  sumach,  hazel, 
wild  cherry,  and  oak ;  and  if  the  conflagrations  be 
kept  out,  other  forest  trees  follow.  The  third  divi- 
sion is  the  vast  boundless  prairies  of  the  "  Far 
West,"  unbroken,  save  by  the  forest,  rising  on  the 
alluvian  of  some  water  course  below  their  level,  or 
by  the  skirts  of  knotted  and  harsh  oak-wood,  of  thick 
and  stinted  growth.  The  prairies' occupy  the  high- 
est part  of  the  table-land,  toward  the  sources  of  the 
great  rivers  and  their  tributaries.  They  abound  with 
abrupt  and  peculiarly  shaped  flinty  hills,  swelling  up 
from  the  general  level ;  great  salt  plains,  and  occa- 
sionally with  isolated  rocks  rising  from  the  surface, 
with  perpendicular  sides,  as  though  cut  by  the  hand 


22  CLIMATE    OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI   VALLEY. 

of  man,  standing  alone  in  the  midst  of  these  prairies 
a  wonder  to  the  Indian  and  the  trapper.  They  are 
seldom  perfectly  level.  As  you  advance,  one  im- 
mense sea  of  grass  swells  to  the  horizon  after  ano- 
ther, unbroken,  for  miles,  by  rock  or  tree.  They 
are  the  home  of  the  bison,  and  the  hunting  ground 
of  the  roving  bands  of«the  red  men  of  the  West. 

CLIMATE  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY. 

*  "  WE  may  conceive  four  distinct  climates  between 
the  sources  and  the  outlet  of  the  Mississippi.  The 
first  commencing  at  its  source  and  terminating  at 
Prairie  du  Chien,  corresponds  pretty  accurately  to 
the  climate  between  Montreal  and  Boston,  with  this 
difference,  that  the  amount  of  snow  falling  in  the 
former  is  much  less  than  in  the  latter  region.  The 
growing  of  gourd  seed  corn,  which  demands  a  high- 
er temperature  to  bring  it  to  maturity,  is  not  pursued 
in  this  region.  The  Irish  potatoe  is  raised  in  this 
climate  in  the  utmost  perfection.  Wheat  and  culti- 
vated grasses  succeed  well.  The  apple  and  pear 
tree  require  fostering  and  southern  exposure  to  bring 
fruit  to  perfection.  The  peach  tree  has  still  more 
the  habits  and  the  delicacy  of  a  southern  stranger, 
and  requires  a  sheltered  declivity  with  a  southern 
exposure,  to  succeed  at  all.  Five  months  in  the  year 
may  be  said  to  be  under  the  dominion  of  winter. 
For  that  length  of  time,  the  cattle  require  shelter  in 
the  severe  weather,  and  the  still  waters  remain  fro- 
zen.  The  second  climate  extends  over  the  opposite 
States  of  Missouri  and  Illinois  in  their  whole  extent 

*  Flint. 


CLIMATE   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY.  23 

or  the  country  between  43"  and  37°.  Cattle,  though 
though  much  benefitted  by  sheltering,  and  often  need- 
ing  it,  here  seldom  receive  it.  It  is  not  so  favorable 
for  cultivated  grasses  as  the  preceding  region.  Gourd 
seed  corn  is  the  only  kind  extensively  planted.  The 
winter  commences  with  January  and  ends  with  the 
second  week  in  February ;  the  ice  in  the  still  waters 
after  that  time  thaws.  Wheat,  the  inhabitant  of  a  va- 
riety of*  climates,  is  at  home  as  a  native  in  this. 
The  persimmon  and  the  paw-paw  are  found  in  its 
whole  extent,  ft  is  the  favored  region  of  the  apple, 
the  pear  and  the  peach.  Snow  neither  falls  deep  nor 
lies  long.  The  Irish  potatoe  succeeds  to  a  certain 
extent,  but  not  as  well  as  in  the  former  climate  ;  but 
this  disadvantage  is  supplied  by  the  sweet  potatoe, 
which,  though  not  at  home  in  this  climate,  with  a  little 
care  in  the  cultivation,  flourishes.  The  grandeur  of  the 
vegetation,  and  the  temperature  of  March  and  April, 
indicates  an  approach  towards  the  southern  regions. 
"The  third  climate  extends  from  37°  to  31°. 
Below  35°,  in  the  rich  alluvial  soils,  the  apple 
trte  begins  to  fail  in  bringing  its  fruit  to  perfec- 
tion ;  apples  worth  eating  are  seldom  raised  much 
below  New  Madrid.  Below  33°,  commences  the 
proper  climate  for  cotton,  and  here  it  is  the  staple 
article  of  cultivation.  Festoons  of  long  moss  hang 
from  the  trees  and  darken  the  forest,  and  the  pal- 
metto gives  to  the  low  alluvial  grounds  a  grand  and 
striking  verdure.  The  muscadine  grape,  strongly 
designating  the  climate,  is  first  found  here.  Laurel 
trees  become  common  in  the  forest,  retaining  their 
foliage  and  their  verdure  through  the  winter.  Wheat 
is  no  longer  seen  as  an  article  of  cultivation,  but  the 
fig-tree  brings  its  fruit  to  full  maturity. 


24  CLIMATE   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI   VALLEY. 

"  Below  this  limit  to  the  gulf,  is  the  fourth  climate, 
the  region  of  the  sugar-cane  and  the  orange-tree 
It  would  be,  if  cultivated,  the  region  of  the  olive. 
Snow  is  no  longer  seen  to  fall,  except  a  few  flakes  in 
the  coldest  storms ;  the  streams  are  never  frozen ; 
winter  is  only  marked  by  nights  of  white  frosts  and 
days  of  north-west  winds,  which  seldom  last  longer 
than  three  days  in  succession,  and  are  followed  by 
south  winds  and  warm  days. 

"  In  such  a  variety  of  climate  and  exposure,  in  a  coun- 
try  alternately  covered  in  one  point  with  the  thickest 
forests,  and  in  another  spreading  out  into  grassy  plains, 
and  with  almost  every  shade  of  temperature,  there  must 
necessarily  be  generated  all  the  forms  and  varieties  of 
disease,  that  spring  simply  from  climate.  Emigrants 
will  always  find  it  unsafe  to  select  their  residence 
near  stagnate  waters,  and  the  rich  and  heavy  timber- 
ed alluvians  ;  yet  these  from  their  fertility,  and  the 
ease  in  which  they  are  brought  into  cultivation,  are 
the  points  most  frequently  selected.  The  rich  plains 
of  the  Sciota  were  the  graves  of  the  first  settlers,  but 
they  have  long  since  been  brought .  into  cultivation, 
and  have  lost  their  character  for  insalubrity.  Hun- 
dreds  of  places  in  the  west,  which  were  selected  as 
residences  by  the  first  emigrants  on  account  of  their 
fertility,  and  which  were  at  first  regarded  as  haunts 
of  disease  and  mortality,  have  since  become  healthy. 
Wherever  the  '  bottoms'  are  wide,  the  forest  deep, 
the  surface  level  and  sloping  back  from  the  river,  and 
the  vegetation  rank — wherever  the  rivers  overflow, 
and  leave  stagnate  waters  that  are  only  carried  ofF  by 
evaporation- — wherever  there  are  in  the  '  bottoms,' 
ponds  and  lagoons  to  catch  and  retain  the  rains,  and 
the  overflow,  it  may  be  assumed  as  a  general  maxim 


CLIMATE  OP  THE    MISSISSIPPI    VALLEY.  25 

that  such  places  are  unhealthy.  Emigrants  have 
scarcely  ever  paused  long  enough,  or  taken  sufficient 
care  in  selecting  their  residences  as  a  place  of  salu- 
brity. A  deep  '  bottom,'  a  fertile  soil,  the  margin  of 
some  navigable  stream,  are  apt  to  be  the  determining 
elements  of  their  choice.  The  forest  is  levelled,  hun- 
dreds of  trees  moulder  and  putrify  about  the  cabin, 
the  stagnate  waters  which,  while  shielded  from  the 
action  of  the  sun  by  the  forest,  had  remained  com- 
paratively  innoxious,  exposed  now  to  the  burning  rays 
of  the  sun,  and  rendered  more  deleterious  by  being 
filled  with  trunks  and  branches  of  decaying  trees, 
and  all  kinds  of  putrid  vegetation,  become  laborato- 
ries of  miasma,  and  generate  on  every  side  the  seeds 
»of  disease.  When  it  is  known,  that  such  have  been 
precisely  the  circumstances  in  which  a  great  portion 
of  the  emigrants  to  the  western  country  have  fixed 
themselves,  in  open  cabins  that  drink  in  the  humid 
atmosphere  of  the  night,  through  a  hundred  crevices, 
in  a  new  and  untried  climate,  under  a  higher  tem- 
perature, a  new  diet  and  regimen,  and  perhaps,  un- 
der the  depressing  influence  of  severe  labor  and  ex- 
posure, need  we  wonder,  that  the  country  has  ac. 
quired  a  character  of  unhealthiness.  Yet,  where 
the  forest  is  cleared  away,  and  the  land  has  been  foi 
a  sufficient  time  under  cultivation,  and  is  sufficiently 
remote  from  stagnate  waters,  generally  may  be  con- 
sidered  as  healthy  as  any  other  country.  It  is  a  very 
trite,  but  a  true  and  important  remark,  that  in  pro. 
portion  as  the  country  becomes  opened,  cultivated, 
and  peopled — in  proportion  as  the  redundance  and 
rankness  of  natural  vegetation  is  replaced  by  that  of 
cultivation,  the  country  becomes  more  healthy." 
Dr.  Drake  remarks — "  The  diseases  of  this  portion 
3 


26  CLIMATE   OF    THE   MISSISSIPPI   VALLEY. 

of  the  great  valley  are  few,  and  prevail  chiefly  in 
summer  and  autumn.  They  are  the  offspring  of  the 
combined  action  of  intense  heat  and  marsh  exhala- 
tion. Those  who  migrate  from  a  colder  climate  to 
the  southern  Mississippi  states,  should  observe  the 
following  directions.  1st.  To  arrive  there  in  autumn, 
instead  of  spring  or  summer.  2d.  If  practicable,  to 
spend  the  hottest  part  of  the  first  two  or  three  years 
in  a  higher  latitude.  3d.  To  select  the  healthiest 
situation.  4th.  To  live  temperately.  5th.  To  pre- 
serve a  regular  habit.  Lastly.  To  avoid  the  heat  of 
the  sun,  from  ten  in  the  morning  till  four  in  the  after- 
noon ;  and  above  all  the  night  air.  By  a  strict  at- 
tention  to  these  rules,  many  would  escape  the  diseases 
of  the  climate,  who  annually  sink  under  its  baneful 
influence." 

Mr.  Peck  observes — "  The  same  causes  for  disease 
exist  in  Ohio  as  in  Missouri ;  in  Michigan  as  in  Illi- 
nois ;  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  as  in  Indiana, 
All  those  states  are  more  infested  with  maladies  which 
depend  on  variations  of  temperature,  than  the  states 
farther  south.  All  have  localities  where  intermittents 
and  agues  are  found,  and  all  possess  extensive  districts 
of  country  where  health  is  enjoyed,  by  a  large  pro- 
portion of  emigrants.  There  is  some  difference  be- 
tween a  heavily  timbered  and  a  prairie  country,  in 
favor  of  the  latter,  other  circumstances  being  equal. 
Changes,  favorable  to  continued  health,  are  produced 
by  the  settlements  and  cultivation  of  the  country. 
In  fine,  I  am  prepared  to  give  my  opinion,  decidedly, 
in  favor  of  this  country  and  climate.  I  would  not 
certainly  be  answerable  for  all  the  bad  locations,  the 
imprudence  and  whims  of  all  classes  of  emigrants, 
which  may  operate  unfavorable  to  health." 


PUBLIC   LANDS.  27 


PUBLIC  LANDS. 

ALL  the  lands  owned  by  the  United  States  are 
surveyed  under  one  system.  The  General  Land  Of. 
fice  is  established  at  Washington  city.  Several  of- 
fices,  each  under  the  direction  of  a  surveyor  general, 
have  been  established  from  time  to  time.  The  office 
for  the  surveys  of  all  public  lands  in  Ohio,  Michigan, 
and  Indiana,  is  located  at  Cincinnati.  The  one  for 
the  states  of  Illinois  and  Missouri,  is  at  St.  Louis. 
Another  recently  established  for  the  Territories  of 
Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  is  located  at  Du  Buque.  These 
tracts  are  subdivided  into  Land  Districts,  having  an 
office  attached  to  each.  Meridian  lines  are  es- 
tablished and  surveyed  in  a  line  due  north  from  some 
important  point,  generally  from  the  junction  of  some 
important  water  courses.  These  are  intersected  at 
right  angles  with  a  base  line.  On  the  meridians,  the 
"  townships"  are  numbered  north  or  south  from  the 
base  lines,  and  on  the  base  line  "  ranges"  east  or  west 
of  the  meridian.  The  numbers  of  "ranges"  are 
placed  on  the  accompanying  map,  in  Roman  charac- 
ters. There  are  six  principal  meridians  used  in  the 
western  states  and  territories. 

The  first  principal  meridian  is  a  line  due  north 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Miami  river,  to  the  old 
northern  boundary  of  Ohio,  with  a  base  line  extend, 
ing  due  east  on  the  41st  degree  of  latitude. 

The  second  principal  meridian  is  a  line  due  north 
from  a  point  on  the  Ohio  river  to  the  northern  boun- 
dary of  Indiana. 

The  third  principal  meridian  is  a  line  due  north 
from  the  'unction  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers, 


28  PUBLIC    LANDS. 

to  the  north  boundary  of  Illinois.  The  base  line  for 
the  second  and  third  principal  meridians  commences 
on  the  Ohio  river,  at  38°  30'  north  latitude,  and  ex- 
tends  due  west  to  the  Mississippi. 

The  fourth  principal  meridian  commences  on  the 
Illinois  river,  at  a  point  72  miles  due  north  from  its 
mouth,  (here  also  commences  its  base  line,  and  runs 
due  west  to  the  Mississippi  river.)  The  meridian 
continues  north  (crossing  and  recrossing  the  Miss- 
issippi river,)  to  the  Wisconsin  river,  with  an  addi- 
tional base  line  on  the  north  boundary  of  Illinois,  foi 
the  surveys  in  Wisconsin. 

The  fifth  principal  meridian  is  a  line  beginning  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas  river  ;  thence  through  the 
states  of  Arkansas  and  Missouri,  to  town  54°  north, 
where  it  crosses  the  Mississippi,  recrosses  into  Iowa  ter- 
ritory, and  continues  to  the  Mississippi  river,  near  Cass- 
ville.  Its  base  line  extends  due  west  from  the  mouth 
of  White  river  to  the  western  boundary  of  Arkansas. 

A  sixth  principal  meridian  is  used  for  the  state  of 
Michigan,  beginning  on  the  south  boundary  of  the 
State,  in  a  due  north  direction  from  the  junction  of 
the  Maumee  and  Au  Glaize  rivers,  to  the  straits  of 
Mackinac,  having  a  base  line  crossing  the  peninsula 
in  a  due  west  line  from  about  the  center  of  Lake 
St.  Clair  to  Lake  Michigan. 

When  a  meridian  and  base  line  have  been  laid  out, 
township  lines  are  run  (at  a  distance  of  6  miles)  paral- 
lel to  the  meridian  and  base  lines.  These  form  town, 
ships  of  6  miles  square,  containing  an  area  of  36  square 
miles.  Each  square  mile  is  termed  a  section,  and 
contains  640  acres.  The  sections  are  numbered 
from  1  to  36;  beginning  at  the  north-east  corner  of 
the  township,  as  in  the  following  diagram  : 


PUBLIC    LANDS. 


29 


6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

i 
1 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

18 

17 

* 

15 

14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22 

,  23 

24 

30 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

Sections  are  divided  in   quarter  sections  of  160 
acres  each,  thus : 


Sections  are  divided  into  half  quarter  sections  of 
80  acres  each,  thus  : 


When  surveyed,  the  lands  are  offered  for  sale  at 
public  auction,  but  cannot  be  disposed  of  at  a  less 
price  than  one  dollar  and  a  quarter  per  acre.  That 
portion  not  sold  at  public  auction  is  subject  to  private 
entry  at  any  time,  for  the  above  price,  payable  in 
cash  at  the  time  of  entry. 

Pre-emption  rights  only  give  the  improver  or  pos- 
sessor the  privilege  of  purchasing  at  the  minimum 
price.' 

*  The  sixteenth  section  is  appropriated  for  the  use  of  schools 
in  the  township. 

3* 


80  OHIO. 


OHIO. 

OHIO  is  bounded  north  by  the  State  of  Michigan 
and  Lake  Erie,  east  by  Pennsylvania,  south-east  and 
south  by  the  Ohio  river,  which  separates  it  from  Vir- 
ginia and  Kentucky,  and  west  by  Indiana.  Length 
222  miles.  Mean  breadth  200  miles,  containing 
44,400  square  miles. 

Face  of  the  Country,  ^-c.— The  northern  parts  of 
the  state  bordering  on  Lake  Erie,  and  the  interior, 
are  generally  level,  and  in  some  places  wet  and 
marshy.  The  eastern  and  south-eastern  parts,  near 
the  Ohio  river,  are  very  uneven,  though  often  rising 
into  very  abrupt  and  broken  hills — this  section  can- 
not properly  be  termed  mountainous.  On  the  mar- 
gin of  the  Ohio,  and  several  of  its  tributaries,  are 
strips  of  alluvial  of  great  fertility.  The  valleys  of 
the  Sciota  and  the  Great  and  Little  Miami,  are  the 
most  extensive  sections  of  level,  rich  and  fertile  lands, 
in  the  state.  In  a  state  of  nature  Ohio  was,  with  the 
exception  of  some  central  prairies,  covered  with  a 
dense  forest,  to  which  the  fertility  of  the  soil  gave  a 
stupendous  development.  The  most  extensive  prairies 
are  found  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Muskingum  and 
Sciota ;  also  near  the  sources  of  the  Miami  river, 
and  the  north-western  parts  of  the  state.  The  forest 
trees  most  abundant  are,  the  oak  of  several  species, 
black  and  white  walnut,  hickory,  maple  of  different 
kinds,  ash  of  various  species,  beech,  birch  and  poplar, 
sycamore,  linden,  chestnut,  locust,  elm,  buck-eye,  with 
numerous  others.  The  undergrowth  are  black-haw, 
dog- wood,  horn-beam,  iron-wood,  thorn,  and  grope- 
vines.  The  prairies  produce  large  quantities  of  grass. 


OHIO.  31 

All  varieties  of  fruit  trees  are  easily  cultivated.  The 
agricultural  productions  are,  wheat,  rye,  Indian  corn, 
oats,  buckwheat,  barley,  potatoes,  and  all  kinds  of  gar. 
aen  vegetables ;  considerable  attention  of  late  has  been 
paid  to  the  cultivation  of  hemp  and  tobacco.  The 
raising  of  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  for  expor- 
tation, engages  the  attention  of  a  large  proportion  of 
the  farmers. 

Rivers,  fyc. — The  principal  rivers  in  Ohio,  besides 
the  great  and  beautiful  river  which  gives  its  name  to 
the  state,  and  forms  part  of  its  eastern  and  its  entire 
southern  boundary,  are  the  Mahoning,  Beaver,  Mus. 
kingum,  Hockhocking,  Scioto,  and  Little  and  Great 
Miami,  which  flow  south  into  the  Ohio  river.  Those 
which  flow  northward  into  Lake  Erie  are  the  Mau- 
mee,  Portage,  Sandusky,  Huron,  Cuyahoga,  Grand, 
and  Ashtabula.  Lake  Erie  forms  the  northern  boun- 
dary of  the  state  for  160  miles,  and  is  navigable  for 
the  largest  vessels. 

Form  of  Government. — The  Legislative  authority 
is  vested  in  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives, 
both  of  which  collectively,  are  styled  the  General 
Assembly.  The  representatives  are  chosen  for  one 
year,  and  for  eligibility  must  be  a  citizen  of  the  Uni. 
ted  States,  and  25  years  of  age,  having  resided  in  the 
state  one  year,  and  paid  a  tax.  Their  number  must 
never  exceed  72,  nor  be  less  than  36.  The  Senate 
is  composed  of  members  elected  for  two  years,  who 
must  not  exceed  one-half  nor  fall  short  of  one-third, 
of  the  number  in  the  House  of  Representatives.  A 
senator  must  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  3C 
years  of  age,  and  have  resided  two  years  in  the  di* 
trict  from  which  he  is  chosen.  The  General  Assen 
bly  has  the  sole  power  of  enacting  all  the  State  lawi } 


82  OHIO. 

the  assent  or  signature  of  the  governor  not  being 
necessary  in  any  case  whatever.  The  qualifications 
of  an  elector,  are,  to  be  one  year  a  resident  of  the 
State,  21  years  of  age,  and  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States. 

The  judiciary  system  comprises  three  several 
grades  of  courts,  namely  ;  the  supreme  court,  courts 
of  common  pleas,  and  justices'  courts. 

The  supreme  executive  authority  is  vested  m  a 
governor  chosen  biennally  by  the  people.  He  must 
be  30  years  of  age,  and  have  resided  in  the  state  at 
least  four  years.  He  is  commander-in-chief  of  the 
militia,  and  commissions  all  officers  in  the  state, 
both  civil  and  military. 

COUNTIES  IN  THE  STATE  OF  OHIO. 

Adams  Co.  contains  about  550  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face hilly,  soil  various.  The  Ohio  forms  its  entire 
southern  boundary,  and  Brush  Creek  passes  through 
its  center.  Pop.  in  1840,  13,183.  West  Union  is 
the  county  seat. 

Allen  Co.  contains  554  square  miles,  on  the  divi- 
ding ridge  of  the  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the 
Mississippi ;  soil  fertile.  Pop.  1840,  9,079.  Lima  is 
the  county  seat. 

Ashtabula  Co.,  on  Lake  Erie,  contains  about  WO 
square  miles  ;  soil  good.  Principal  streams  are 
Grand  river,  Ashtabula  and  Conneaut  creeks.  Pop. 
1840,  23,724.  Jefferson  is  the  county  seat. 

Athens  Co.  contains  740  square  miles  ;  surface 
broken ;  soil  well  adapted  to  gram,  &c.  Principal 
streams,  Hockhocking  river,  and  Raccoon  Creek. 
Pop.  1840,  19,109.  Athens  is  the  county  seat. 


OHIO.  33 

Bellemont  Co.  contains  536  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face very  hilly.  The  Ohio  river  forms  its  entire 
eastern  boundary.  Indian  Wheeling,  and  Captina 
creeks,  drain  its  surface.  Pop.  1840,  30,901.  St. 
Clairsvilie  is  the  county  seat. 

Brown  Co.  contains  470  square  miles;  surface  un- 
dulating, soil  good.  Ohio  river  on  its  southern  bor- 
der. Little  Miami  river,  Eagle,  Straight,  and  White 
Oak  creeks  are  the  principal  streams.  Pop.  1840, 
22,715.  Georgetown  is  the  county  seat. 

Butler  Co.  contains  480  square  miles ;  soil  first 
rate.  Drained  by  the  Great  Miami  and  tributaries. 
The  Miami  canal  crosses  it  in  a  northerly  direction. 
Pop.  1840,  28,173.  Hamilton  is  the  county  seat. 

Carroll  Co.  contains  about  400  square  miles ;  soil 
good  for  wheat,  &c.  Drained  by  the  Sandy,  Co. 
noten,  and  the  north  fork  of  Yellow  Creek.  Car- 
rollton  is  the  county  seat.  Pop.  1840,  18,108. 

Champaign  Co.  contains  349  square  miles ;  sur- 
face level,  soil  excellent.  Principal  streams,  Mad 
river,  and  Stony  Creek.  Pop.  1840, 16,721.  Ur- 
bana  is  the  county  seat. 

Clark  Co.  contains  400  square  miles ;  a  fine  ag- 
ricultural county.  Drained  by  the  Mad  river  and 
the  higher  branches  of  the  Little  Miami.  Pop.  1840, 
18,883.  Springfield  is  the  county  seat. 

Clermont  Co.  contains  about  450  square  miles. 
The  Ohio  river  washes  its  southern,  and  the  Little 
Miami  its  western  border.  Drained  centrally  Dy  the 
cast  fork  of  Little  Miami.  Pop.  1840,  23,106.  Ba- 
tavia  is  the  county  seat. 

Clinton  Co.  contains  400  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  prairie  and  woodland.  Drained  by  many  small 
streams,  principally  tributaries  of  the  Little  Miami. 


34  OHIO. 

Pop.  1840,  15,719.  Wilmington  is  the  county 
seat. 

Columbiana  Co.,  area  750  square  miles  ;  surface 
hilly.  Principal  streams,  Little  Beaver  and  branch- 
es, furnishing  many  fine  mill  seats.  Pop.  1840, 
40,378.  New  Lisbon  is  the  county  seat. 

Coshocton  Co.  contains  562  square  miles ;  surface 
hilly,  soil  fertile.  Muskingum,  Tuscarawas,  and 
Walhonding  rivers,  and  Kilbuck  Creek,  are  the  prin- 
cipal water  courses.  Pop.  1840, 21,590.  Coshoc- 
ton is  the  county  seat. 

Crawford  Co.,  area  540  square  miles ;  surface 
level.  Drained  by  the  Sandusky  and  branches.  Pop. 
1840,  13,152.  Bucyrus  is  the  county  seat. 

Cuyahoga  Co.,  on  Lake  Erie,  containing  about 
480  square  miles  ;  soil  generally  good.  Drained  by 
the  Chagrin,  Cuyahoga,  and  Rocky  rivers.  Pop. 
1840,  26,506.  Cleveland,  the  seat  of  justice,  and 
an  incorporated  city,  is  situated  on  Lake  Erie,  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Cuyahoga  river.  It  is  chiefly 
built  upon  a  plain  about  80  feet  above  the  lake ;  it  is 
very  regularly  laid  out,  with  wide  streets.  The  har- 
bor has  been  improved  by  the  U.  S.  Government  by 
extending  piers  into  the  lake  about  1,200  feet  on  each 
side  of  the  river  ;  its  location  at  the  northern  termi- 
nation of  the  Ohio  canal  renders  it  a  very  important 
place  both  for  inland  and  lake  navigation.  The  Ohio 
canal  was  commenced  in  1825,  and  completed  in 
1832— extends  from  Cleveland  to  Portsmouth,  on  the 
Ohio  river,  a  distance  of  309  miles ;  has  152  locks, 
and  lockage  to  the  amount  of  12,050  feet.  The  sum- 
mit level  is  305  feet  above  Lake  Erie,  and  is  499 
above  the  Ohio  river. 

Cleveland  contains  a  court-house,  a  jail,  7  church- 


OHIO.  35 

es,  and  2  banks.  The  population  in  1825  was  500  ; 
1830,  1,000 ;  1840,  6,071  ;  and  at  the  present  time 
estimated  at  7,000.  Distance,  139  miles  from  Co- 
lumbus, 130  from  Pittsburgh,  170,  by  water,  from 
Buffalo,  and  359  from  Washington  city. 

Dark  Co.,  area  about  675  square  miles  ;  surface 
level,  prairie  and  woodland ;  soil  productive. 
Drained  by  the  tributaries  of  the  Great  Miami. 
Pop.  1840,  13,282.  Greenville  is  the  county  seat. 

Delaware  Co.  contains  about  576  square  miles  ; 
soil  generally  good.  Sciota  and  Olentangy  rivers, 
and  Alum  and  Walnut  creeks  drain  its  surface. 
Pop.  1840,  22,060.  Delaware  is  the  county  seat. 

Erie  Co.,  on  Lake  Erie,  contains  about  150  square 
miles;  soil  productive.  Principal  stream,  Pipe  creek. 
Huron  is  the  county  seat.  Pop.  1840,  12,599. 

Fairfield  Co.,  area  540  square  miles ;  surface 
generally  uneven  ;  some  prairie ;  soil  productive. 
Drained  by  the  Hockhocking  and  some  small  tribu- 
taries of  the  Sciota.  Pop.  1840,  31,924.  Lancas- 
ter is  the  county  seat. 

Fayette  Co.  contains  about  415  square  miles ;  sur- 
face level ;  soil  productive.  Deer  and  Paint  creeks 
are  the  principal  water  courses.  Pop.  1840, 10,984. 
Washington  is  the  county  seat. 

Franklin  Co.,  area  530  square  miles;  surface  level ; 
soil  good  on  the  streams.  Drained  by  the  Sciota  and 
branches.  Pop.  1840,  25,049.  Columbus  is  the  co. 
scat.  Columbus,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Sciota,  just  below  its  junction 
wilh  the  Olentangy.  The  streets  run  north  and  south, 
and  east  and  west,  and  are  from  80  to  120  ft.  in  width ; 
it  contains  the  state-house,  penitentiary,  asylum  for 
the  deaf  and  dumb,  a  market-house,  two  banks,  a 


36  OHIO. 

theological  seminary,  five  churches,  and  thirteen  ho 
'tels.     Pop.  1840,  6,048. 

Gallia  Co.  contains  400  square  miles ;  surface 
hilly.  The  Ohio  river  forms  its  eastern  boundary. 
Drained  centrally  by  Raccoon  creek.  Pop.  1840, 
13,444.  Gallipolis  is  the  county  seat. 

Geauga  Co.,  on  Lake  Erie,  contains  600  square 
miles  ;  soil  fertile.  Principal  stream,  Cuyahoga  riv- 
er. Pop.  1840, 16,297.  Chardon  is  the  county  seat. 

Green  Co.  contains  about  350  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face undulating  and  abounding  in  fine  mill  streams. 
Little  Miami  and  Mad  rivers  are  the  principal  watei 
courses.  Pop.  1840, 17.528.  Xenia  is  the  county  seat. 

Guernsey  Co.  contains  about  600  square  miles; 
surface  hilly ;  soil  fertile.  Drained  principally  by 
Wills  creek.  Pop.  1840,  27,748.  Cambridge  is 
the  county  seat. 

Hamilton  Co.  contains  about  375  square  miles ; 
soil  good  quality.  The  Ohio  river  forms  its  southern 
and  the  Little  Miami  river  its  eastern  boundary.  The 
Great  Miami  passes  through  the  western  part  of  the 
county.  Pop.  1840, 80.145.  Cincinnati  is  the  county 
seat.  Cincinnati  is  the  largest  commercial  city  in 
the  west,  and  the  6th  in  point  of  population  in  the  U. 
States.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Ohio  river,  on  two  plains,  the  upper  rising  by 
a  steep  ascent  50  feet  above  the  lower,  which  is  ele- 
vated about  60  feet  above  the  river  at  low  water. 
The  shores  of  the  Ohio  at  this  point  afford  good 
landing  for  boats  at  all  seasons  of  the  year ;  the 
descent  to  the  river  is  by  a  paved  area,  at  the  foot  of 
which,  steam  vessels  are  moored,  and  discharge  their 
cargoes  on  floating  wharves,  which  are  rendered  ne- 
ccs  ary  by  the  frequent  and  rapid  fluctuations  of  the 


OHIO.  37 

river.  .The  city,  except  on  the  margin  of  the  river, 
is  laid  out  by  streets  and  alleys  crossing  each  other 
at  right  angles.  The  principal  public  buildings 
are,  a  court-house,  jail,  hospital,  lunatic  asylum, 
4  market  houses,  a  college,  and  medical  college, 
lyceum,  atheneum,  mechanics'  institute,  theater,  2 
museums,  43  churches,  a  high  school,  several  com- 
mon schools,  banking  houses,  &c.  Cincinnati  is  a 
desirable  and  healthy  residence  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year.  It  was  first  laid  outm  1789.  In  1795,  it  was 
an  inconsiderable  village,  containing  only  500  inhab- 
itants. In  1800,  it  contained  750  ;  in  1810,  2,540; 
in  1820,  9,642  ;  in  1826,  16,230  ;  in  1830,  24,831 ; 
in  1840,  46,338.  It  is  distant  from  Columbus,  112 
miles  ;  Sandusky  city,  200  ;  Cleveland,  250  ;  Indi- 
anapolis, 120  ;  Frankfort,  85  ;  Nashville,  270  ;  Nat- 
chez,  680;  New-Orleans,  860;  St.  Louis,  350; 
I/)uisville,  105  ;  Baltimore,  518  ;  Philadelphia,  617  ; 
Washington  city,  500  ;  New- York,  by  way  of  Lake 
Erie,  900  ;  and  from  Charleston,  600  miles'. 

Hancock  Co.,  containing  576  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face level,  soil  good.  Drained  by  Blanchard's  and 
Portage  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  9,986.  Findlay  is  the 
county  seat. 

Hardin  Co.  contains  432  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  very  good.  Drained  principally  by  the 
Sciota  river.  Pop.  1840,  4,598.  Kenton  is  the  coun- 
ty seat. 

Harrison  Co.  contains  365  square  miles  ;  surface 
hilly.  Drained  by  the  tributaries  of  the  Ohio  and 
Tuscarawas  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  20,099.  Cadiz  is 
the  county  seat. 

Henry  Co.  contains  576  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  rich.  Drained  by  the  Maumee  river  and 


38  OHIO. 

tributaries.      Pop.  1840,  2,503.    Napoleon  is  tho 
county  seat. 

Highland  Co.  contains  500  square  miles ;  surface 
rolling,  soil  good  for  wheat,  &c.  Drained  by  many 
small  streams,  affording  good  mill  sites.  Pop.  1840, 
22,269.  Hillsboro  is  the  county  seat. 

Hocking  Co.  contains  410  square  miles  ;  surface 
hilly,  soil  productive.  Drained  by  the  Hockhocking 
river,  and  Raccoon  and  Salt  Creeks.  Pop.  1840, 
9,741.  Logan  is  the  county  seat. 

Holmes  Co.  contains  312  square  miles ;  soil  good. 
Principal  streams,  Killbuck  and  Mohican  Creeks. 
Pop.  1840,  18,088.  Millersburgh  is  the  county  seat. 

Huron  Co.  contains  625  square  miles ;  soil  pro- 
ductive. Principal  streams,  Huron  and  Verrnillion 
rivers.  Pop.  1840,  23,933.  Norwalk  is  the  county 
seat. 

Jackson  Co.  contains  480  square  miles ;  surface 
hilly,  soil  productive.  Drained  by  a  few  small 
streams.  Pop.  1840,  9,744.  Jackson  is  the  county 
seat. 

Jefferson  Co.  contains  396  square  miles  ;  surface 
uneven,  soil  fertile.  Drained  by  Cross,  Short,  and 
Yellow  creeks,  furnishing  good  mill  sites.  Pop 
1840,  25,030.  Steubenville  is  the  county  seat. 

Knox  Co.  contains  about  675  square  miles ;  sur- 
face  very  hilly,  soil  various.  Drained  principally  by 
the  Vernon  river,  a  fine  mill  stream.  Pop.  1840, 
29,579.  Mount  Vernon  is  the  county  seat. 

Lawrence  Co.  contains  about  396  square  miles ; 
surface  very  hilly,  soil  various.  Drained  by  the  In- 
dian  Guyandot,  and  Symmes'  creeks.  The  Ohio 


OHIO.  39 

river   forms   its    southern   boundary.     Pop.    1840, 
9,738.     Burlington  is  the  county  seat. 

Licking  Co.  contains  650  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  first  rate.  Drained  by  Licking 
Creek,  a  good  mill  stream.  Pop.  1840,  35,096. 
Newark  is  the  county  seat. 

Logan  Co.  contains  about  360  square  miles ;  sur- 
iace  level,  soil  fertile.  Drained  principally  by  Mad 
river  and  tributaries.  Pop.  1840,  14,015.  Bellefon- 
taine  is  the  county  seat. 

Lorain  Co.,  (on  Lake  Erie,)  contains  560  square 
miles  ;  soil  rich.  Drained  by  Black  river  and  Bea- 
ver Creek.  Pop.  1840,  18,467.  Elyria  is  the  coun- 
ty seat. 

Lucas  Co.  contains  about  600  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face level,  soil  good.  Principal  stream  the  Maumee 
river,  Pop.  1840,  9,382.  Toledo  is  the  county  seat. 

Madison  Co.  contains  about  380  square  miles,  soil 
good.  Drained  principally  by  Darby  and  Deer 
creeks.  Pop.  1840,  9,025.  New-London  is  the 
county  seat. 

Marion  Co.  contains  about  460  square  miles ;  sur- 
face level,  soil  first  rate.  Drained  principally  by  the 
Scioto  and  branches.  Pop.  1840,  14,765.  Marion 
is  the  county  seat. 

Medina  Co.  contains  475  square  miles ;  surface 
high,  soil  excellent.  Drained  by  the  Tuscarawas, 
Black  and  Rocky  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  18,352.  Me- 
dina is  the  county  seat.  - 

Meigs  Co.  contains  about  425  square  miles ;  sur- 
face hilly.  The  Ohio  river  forms  its  south-eastern 
boundary.  Leading  and  Shade  creeks  drain  its  sur 
face.  Pop.  1840,  11,452.  Chester  is  the  county  seat. 

Mercer  Co.   contains  580  square  miles;  surface 
* 


40  OHIO. 

level,  soil  very  rich.  Drained  by  the  St.  Mary's  and 
Wabash  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  8,277.  St.  Mary's  is 
the  county  seat. 

Miami  Co.  contains  432  square  miles  ;  soil  very 
good.  Watered  by  the  Miami  and  tributaries.  Pop. 
1840,  19,688,  Troy  is  the  county  seat. 

Monroe  Co.  contains  520  square  miles  ;  surface 
hilly,  soil  fertile.  The  Ohio  forms  its  eastern  boun- 
dary, drained  by  the  little  Muskingum,  Duck,  and 
Sunfisb  creeks.  Pop.  1840,  18,521.  Woodfield  is 
the  county  seat. 

Montgomery  Co.  contains  about  450  square  miles  ; 
surface  level,  soil  good.  Streams,  Great  Miami,  and 
jts  tributaries.  Pop.  1840,  31,938.  Dayton  is  the 
county  seat. 

Morgan  Co.  contains  about  460  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face hilly,  soil  fertile.  The  Muskingum  flows  through 
the  county  from  north  to  south.  Pop.  1840,  20,852. 
M'Connellsville  is  the  county  seat. 

Muskingum  Co.  contains  650  square  miles ;  sur- 
face  hilly,  soil  productive.  Principal  streams,  Mus- 
kingum  river  and  branches.  Pop.  1840,  38,749. 
Zanesville  is  the  county  seat.  It  is  a  large  and 
flourishing  town. 

Paulding  Co.  contains  432  square  miles  ;  surface 
level,  soil  good.  Principal  streams,  Au  Glaize  and 
Maumee  rivers.  Pop.  1840, 1,034.  Paulding  is  the 
county  seat. 

Perry  Co.  contains  400  square  miles  ;  surface 
hilly,  soil  good.  Drained  by  small  tributaries  of  the 
Hockhocking  and  Muskingum  rivers.  Pop.  1840, 
19,344.  Somerset  is  the  county  seat. 

Pickaway  Co.  contains  about  470  square  miles  ; 
surface  generally  level,  soil  first  rate.  Sciota  river 


OHIO.  41 

is  the  principal  water  course  ;  Darby,  Deer,  and  Lit- 
tle Walnut  creeks  are  its  tributaries.  Pop.  1840, 
19,725.  Circleville  is  the  county  seat. 

Pike  Co.  contains  about  421  square  miles  ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  good.  The  Sciota  passes  through  it 
from  north  to  south.  Pop.  1840,  7,626.  Piketon  is 
the  county  seat. 

Portage  Co.  contains  750  square  miles  ;  surface 
high,  soil  very  productive.  Drained  by  the  head 
waters  of  the  Cuyahoga,  Mahoning,  and  Tuscarawas 
rivers.  Pop.  1840,  22,965.  Ravenna  is  the  county 
seat. 

Preble  Co.  contains  432  square  miles  ;  surface 
level,  and  gently  rolling,  soil  first  rate.  Drained  by 
Franklin,  Four  Mile,  and  St.  Clair  creeks.  Pop. 
1840,  19,482.  Eaton  is  the  county  seat. 

Putnam  Co.  contains  376  square  miles  ;  principal 
streams,  are  the  Au  Glaize  and  tributaries.  Pop. 
1840,  5,189.  Kalida  is  the  county  seat. 

Richland  Co.  contains  900  square  miles ;  surface 
generally  rolling,  soil  first  rate.  Drained  principally 
by  Mohican  Creek  and  branches.  Pop.  1840, 44,532. 
Mansfield  is  the  county  seat. 

Ross  Co.  contains  about  650  square  miles  ;  surface 
various,  soil  very  fertile.  Principal  streams,  the  Sci. 
ota  and  branches.  Pop.  1840,  27,460.  Chillicothe  is 
the  county  seat. 

Sandusky  Co.  contains  320  square  miles  ;  surface 
even,  soil  productive.  Principal  streams  are  Portage 
and  Sandusky  rivers.  Pop.  1840, 10,182.  Lower 
Sandusky  is  the  county  seat. 

Sciotsfc  Co.  contains  about  600  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face hilly,  soil  good.  The  Ohio  river  forms  its 
southern  boundary,  and  the  Sciota  passes  through  it 


42  OHIO. 

from  north  to  south.  Pop.  1840,11,192.  Portsmouth 
is  the  county  seat,  a  large  and  flourishing  place,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Sciota  with  the  Ohio,  and  the 
southern  termination  of  the  Ohio  Canal. 

Seneca  Co.  contains  540  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  first  quality.  The  Sandusky  river  passes 
through  it  from  south  to  north.  Pop.  1840, 18,128. 
Tiffin  is  the  county  seat. 

Shelby  Co.  contains  350  square  miles  ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  good.  Drained  by  the  Miami  and 
branches.  Pop.  1840,  12,154.  Sidney  is  the  county 
seat. 

Stark  Co.  contains  about  650  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face level,  soil  very  good.  Drained  by  the  Tusca- 
rawas  and  branches.  Pop.  1840,  34,603.  Canton 
is  the  county  seat. 

Trumbull  Co.  contains  875  square  miles  ;  surface 
hilly,  soil  productive.  Drained  principally  by  the 
Mahoning  river.  Pop.  1840,  38,107.  Warren  is 
the  county  seat. 

Tuscarawas  Co.  contains  650  square  miles  ;  soil 
good.  The  Tuscarawas  river  passes  through  the 
county  in  a  southerly  direction.  Pop.  1840,  25,631. 
New-Philadelphia  is  the  county  seat. 

Union  Co.  contains  450  square  miles  ;  surface  level, 
soil  excellent.  Drained  by  some  small  branches  of  the 
Sciota  river.  Pop.  1840,  8,423.  Marysville  is  the 
county  seat. 

Van  Wert  Co.  contains  432  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face level,  soil  first  rate.  Streams,  St.  Mary's  and 
Little  Au  Glaize  rivers.  Pop.  1840, 1,577.  Van  Wert 
is  the  county  seat. 

Warren  Co.  contains  about  400  square  miles ; 
surface  undulating,  soil  excellent.  Streams — the 


OHIO.  43 

Miami  passes  its  north-western  corner,  and  the  Lit- 
tie  Miami  passes  through  the  county  from  the  north 
to  the  south.  Pop.  1840,  23,141.  Lebanon  is  the 
county  seat. 

Washington  Co.  contains  about  715  square  miles  ; 
surface  generally  hilly,  soil  good.  The  Ohio  river 
forms  its  entire  south-eastern  boundary,  and  the  Mus- 
kingum  meanders  through  the  county.  Pop.  1840, 
20,823.  Marietta  is  the  county  seat,  and  the  first 
permanent  settlement  made  in  Ohio,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Muskingurn  with  the  Ohio  river. 

Wayne  Co.  contains  720  square  miles  ;  surface 
generally  level,  soil  extremely  fertile.  Principal 
streams,  Lake  fork  of  the  Mohican,  Chippewa,  Kill, 
buck,  and  Sugar  creeks.  Pop.  1840,  35,808.  Woos- 
ter  is  the  county  seat. 

Williams  Co.  contains  about  650  square  miles ; 
surface  undulating,  soil  rich.  Principal  streams, 
Maumee,  St.  Joseph,  and  Tiftin  rivers.  Pop.  1840, 
4,465  Defiance  is  the  county  seat. 

Wood  Co.  contains  about  590  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face level,  soil  good.  The  Maumee  river  passes 
along  its  north-eastern  boundary,  and  Portage  river 
through  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  county.  Pop. 
1840,  5,357.  Perrysburgh  is  the  county  seat. 

Lake  Co.,  situated  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  state, 
and  contains  220  square  miles.  Watered  by  Grand 
and  Chagrin  rivers.  Lake  Erie  lies  on  its  northwest 
border.  Capital,  Painesville.  Pop.  1840,  13,719. 

Ottowa  Co.,  situated  in  the  northeast  part  of  the 
state,  and  contains  350  square  miles.  Drained  by 
Portage  and  Toussaint  rivers.  It  has  Lake  Erie  on 
the  north.  Surface  level ;  soil  fertile.  Capital,  Port 
Clinton.  Pop.  1840,  2;248. 


44  OHIO. 

Summit  Co.,  situated  in  the  northeast  part  of  the 
state,  and  contains  422  square  miles.  Surface  un- 
dulating ;  soil  generally  fertile.  Drained  by  Cuya- 
hoga  and  Tuscarawas  rivers.  Capital,  Akron.  Pop. 
1840,  22,560. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  Ohio  canal  extends  from  Cleveland,  on  Lake 
Erie,  to  Portsmouth,  on  the  Ohio  river,  309  miles. 
Total  length,  including  its  navigable  side-cuts,  334 
miles.  This  canal  has  152  locks,  and  the  lockage 
amounts  to  12,650  feet.  Cost  $5,000,000. 

The  Miami  canal  is  to  extend  from  Cincinnati  to 
Defiance,  where  it  is  to  join  the  Wabash  and  Erie 
canal.  Length  178  miles,  145  miles  of  which  are 
finished. 

The  Walash  and  Erie  canal,  91  miles  to  the  In- 
.diana  state  line.  (See  Indiana.) 

The  Walhondwg  canal  extends  from  the  Ohio  ca- 
nal at  Roscoe,  25  miles  up  the  Walhonding  river. 

The  Warren  county  canal  extends  from  Middle- 
town,  on  the  Miami  canal,  to  Lebanon.  Length 
22  miles. 

The  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  canal  connects  the 
Pennsylvania  canal  with  the  Ohio  canal  at  Akron. 
Length  88  miles. 

The  Sandy  and  Beaver  canal,  designed  to  connect 
the  Ohio  canal  at  Bolivar,  with  the  Ohio  river  at 
the  mouth  of  Little  Beaver  creek.  Length  76  miles. 

Mad  river  and  Lake  Erie  railroad  to  extend  from 
Dayton  to  Sandusky  city,  153  miles.  Finished  from 
Tiffin  to  Sandusky  city,  36  miles. 

Sandusky  city  and  Monroeville  railroad.  Lenjrth 
16  miles. 


INDIANA.  45 


INDIANA. 

THE  State  of  Indiana  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
the  Lake  auJ  State  of  Michigan  ;  east  by  the  State 
of  Ohio ;  south  by  the  Ohio  river,  which  separates  it 
from  Kentucky ;  and  west  by  the  State  of  Illinois. 
Length  260,  breadth  150  miles ;  containing  an  area 
of  37,800  square  miles.  Pop.  1840,  685,866. 

Face  of  the  Country,  <|-c. — Indiana  is  in  no  part 
mountainous  ;•  that  portion  bordering  on  the  Ohio, 
contains  much  broken,  hilly  land.  The  interior  part 
— the  valleys  of  the  East  and  Westforks  of  White 
river,  present  a  gentle,  undulating  country,  generally 
timbered,  with  occasional  strips  of  rich  bottom  land 
on  the  margin  of  the  streams.  The  valley  of  the 
Wabash,  in  the  lower  part,  is  an  undulating  surface 
of  forest  and  prairie  ;  north  of  Terre  Haute,  the  land 
is  of  the  first  quality,  fine  forest,  occasionally  opening 
into  beautiful  and  fertile  prairies.  On  the  St.  Joseph's, 
and  across  to  the  head  waters  of  the  Maumee,  are 
extensive  wet  and  dry'prairies,  and  heavily  timbered 
lands,  with  a  soil  of  exhaustless  fertility.  On  the 
shore  of  Lake  Michigan  are  sand  hills,  and  along  the 
Kankakee  are  extensive  swamps  and  marshes.  The 
kinds  of  timber  most  abundant  are,  oaks  of  various 
species,  ash,  beech,  buckeye,  walnut,  cherry,  sugar 
tree,  hickory,  elm,  sassafras,  linden,  honey-locust, 
with  some  cotton  wood,  sycamore,  hackberry  and 
mulberry.  The  principal  productions  are  wheat,  rye, 
Indian  corn,  oats,  buckwheat,  barley,  potatoes,  and 
all  kinds  of  garden  vegetables. 

Rivers. — The  Ohio  meanders  along  the  entire 
southern  boundary  of  the  state.  The  east  and  west 


46  INDIANA. 

forks  of  White  river,  and  their  branches,  drain  the 
interior  counties  for  an  extent  of  200  miles,  and  are 
navigable  for  flat-boats,  during  the  seasons  of  floods, 
a  distance  of  100  miles  from  their  mouths.  The 
Wabash  river  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  Lu 
Fayette ;  it  interlocks  with  the  head  waters  of  the 
St.  Joseph's  and  the  Maumee.  The  main  branch 
rises  in  Ohio,  and  after  a  meandering  course  of  more 
than  200  miles,  becomes  the  boundary  between  the 
states  of  Indiana  and  Illinois,  which  it  forms  for  a 
distance  of  120  miles,  when  it  unites -with  the  Ohio 
river. 

Form  of  Government,  fyc. — The  constitution  pro- 
vides  that  a  census  shall  be  made  every  5  years  of  all 
free  white  male  inhabitants,  above  the  age  of  twenty, 
one  years ;  and  the  representation  of  both  houses  of 
the  General  Assembly  is  apportioned  by  such  enu- 
meration, in  such  ratio,  that  the  number  of  represen- 
tatives shall  never  be  less  than  thirty-six,  nor  exceed 
one  hundred  ;  and  the  number  of  senators  not  ex 
ceeding  one-half,  nor  less  than  one-third  the  numbei 
of  representatives.  Every  free  white  male  citizen, 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  who  has  resided  in  the 
state  one  year,  is  entitled  to  vote,  "  except  such  as 
shall  be  enlisted  into  the  army  of  the  United  States, 
or  their  allies."  Elections  annually  by  ballot,  on 
the  first  Monday  in  August. 

The  Governor,  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  Sena- 
tors, hold  their  office  for  three  years. 

The  Judiciary  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  in 
Circuit  Courts,  and  in  such  other  inferior  Courts  as 
the  General  Assembly  shall,  from  time  to  time,  direct 
and  establish. 


fNDIANA.  47 


COUNTIES  IN  THE  STATE  OF  INDIANA. 

Adams  Co.  contains  about  336  square  miles  ;  soil 
good.  Principal  streams,  the  St.  Mary's  and  the 
Wabash  rivers.  Pop.  1840,2,264.  Capital, Decatur. 

A  lien  Co.  contains  650  square  miles;  surface  level, 
soil  rich.  The  St.  Joseph's  from  the  north,  and  the 
St.  Mary's  from  the  south,  join  at  Fort  Wayne,  and 
form  the  Maumee,  which  empties  into  Lake  Erie. 
Drained  on  the  west  by  the  Little  river,  a  branch  of 
the  Wabash.  Pop.  1840,  5,942.  Fort  Wayne  is 
the  county  seat. 

Bartholomew  Co.  contains  396  square  miles  ;  suf- 
face  hilly,  soil  generally  fertile.  Principal  streams, 
the  east  fork  of  White  river  and  tributaries.  Pop, 
1840,  10,042.  Columbus  is  the  county  seat. 

Blackford  Co.  contains  182  square  miles  ;  sui  face 
level,  soil  good.  The  Salamanie  river  passes  through 
the  northern  part  of  the  county.  Pop.  1840, 1,226. 
Capital,  Blackford. 

Boone  Co.  contains  408  square  miles;  surface 
level,  soil  productive.  Drained  principally  by  Sugar 
and  Eagle  creeks.  Pop.  1840,  8,121.  Lebanon  is 
the  county  seat. 

Brown  Co.  contains  310  square  miles;  surface 
hilly,  soil  excellent.  Drained  by  Salt  creek  and 
branches.  Pop.  2,364.  Nashville  is  the  county  seat, 

Carroll  Co.  contains  380  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  rich,  woodland  and  prairie.  Streams,  Tip- 
pecanoe  and  Wabash  rivers,  Deer  and  Wild-cat 
creeks.  Pop.  1840,  7,819.  Delphi  is  the  county 
seat. 

Cass  Co.  contains  415  square  miles;  surface  level, 


48  INDIANA. 

soil  desirable  for  cultivation.  Eel  river  falls  into  the 
Wabash  at  Logansport,  which  passes  through  the 
county  in  a  westerly  direction.  Pop.  1840,  5,480. 
Logansport,  the  county  seat,  contains  6  churches, 
12  stores,  and  1,500  inhabitants. 

Clarke  Co.  contains  400  square  miles ;  surface 
rolling  and  hilly.  The  Ohio  river  forms  its  south- 
eastern boundary.  Drained  by  Fourteen  Mile  and 
Silver  creeks.  Pop.  1840,  14,595.  Charleston  is 
the  county  seat. 

Clay  Co.  contains  360  square  miles ;  surface 
generally  level.  Principal  stream,  Eel  river  and 
branches.  Pop.  1840,  5,567.  Bowling  Green  is 
the  county  seat. 

Clinton  Co.  contains  432  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  fertile,  some  prairie  land.  Drained  by  the 
Sugar  and  Wild-cat  creeks  and  branches.  Pop.  1840. 
7,508.  Frankfort  is  the  county  seat. 

Crawford  Co.  contains  about  300  square  miles , 
surface  hilly.  The  Ohio  forms  part  of  its  southern, 
and  the  Big  Blue  river  its  eastern  boundary.  Drain- 
ed  centrally  by  the  Little  Blue  river.  Pop.  1840, 
5,282.  Fredonia  is  the  county  seat. 

Daviess  Co.  contains  420  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  with  some  prairie  land.  The  east  fork 
of  White  river  forms  its  southern,  and  the  west  fork 
its  western  boundary.  Pop.  1840,  0,720.  Wash- 
ington is  the  county  seat. 

Dearborn  Co.  contains  about  380  square  miles ; 
surface  hilly,  soil  rich.  The  Ohio  forms  its  eastern 
boundary.  Principal  streams,  the  Great  Miami  and 
White  water  rivers,  Hogan's,  Laughery,  and  Tan- 
ner's creeks.  Pop.  1840, 19,327.  Lawrenceburg, 
a  growing  and  important  town,  is  the  county  seat. 


INDIANA.  49 

Decatur  Co.  contains  about  340  square  miles  ; 
surface  undulating,  soil  fertile.  Clifty,  Flat  Rock, 
and  Sand  creeks,  are  good  mill  streams.  Pop. 
1840.  12,171.  Greensburg  is  the  county  seat. 

De  Kalb  Co.  contains  365  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  woodland  and  wet  prairie.  Streams,  St.  Jo- 
seph's river  and  Cedar  creek,  and  branches.  Pop. 
1840,  1,968.  Auburn  is  the  county  seat. 

Delaware  Co.  contains  384  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  productive.  Streams,  Mississinewa  and 
west  fork  of  White  river.  Pop.  1840,  8,843.  Mun- 
cietown  is  the  county  seat.  , 

Dubois  Co.  contains  432  square  miles ;  surface 
rolling,  soil  fertile.  The  east  fork  of  White  river 
forms  part  of  its  northern  boundary,  and  the  Potoka 
creek  passes  centrally  through  the  county.  Pop. 
1840,  3,632.  The  county  seat  is  located  at  Jasper. 

Elkhart  Co.  contains  460  square  miles  ;  surface 
level,  with  convenient  proportions  of  prairie,  oak 
openings,  and  forest  land.  The  St.  Joseph's  of  Lake 
Michigan,  passes  through  the  northern  part  of  the 
county  ;  Elkhart  and  Little  Elkhart  are  the  other 
most  important  streams.  Pop.  1840,  660.  Goshen 
is  the  county  seat. 

Fayette  Co.  contains  200  square  miles ;  surface 
rolling,  soil  good.  The  west  fork  of  the  White 
water  and  branches,  are  the  principal  streams.  Pop. 
1840,  9,837.  Conhersville  is  the  county  seat. 

Floyd  Co.  contains  144  square  miles ;  surface 
rather  hilly.  The  Ohio  forms  its  southeastern  boun- 
dary. Drained  centrally  by  the  Big  and  Little  In- 
dian creeks.  Pop.  1840,  9,454.  New  Albany,  the 
county  seat,  contains  9  churches,  a  bank,  an  insur- 
ance company,  2  academies,  and  4,226  inhabitants. 
5 


50  INDIANA. 

Fountain  Co.  contains  390  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  very  good.  The  Wabash  river  forma 
its  northwestern  boundary.  Coal  and  Shawnee 
creeks  drain  its  surface.  Pop.  1840,  11,218. 
Covington  is  the  county  seat. 

Franklin  Co.  contains  400  square  miles  ;  surface 
generally  level,  soil  fertile.  The  White  water  riv- 
er passes  through  the  county.  Pop.  1840,  13,849. 
Brookville  is  the  county  seat. 

Fulton  Co.  contains  350  square  miles;  surface 
level.  Tippecanoe  river  and  branches  are  the  prin- 
cipal water  courses.  Pop.  1840,  1,993.  The 
county  seat  is  located  at  Rochester. 

Gibson  Co.  contains  450  square  miles;  surface 
rolling.  The  Wabash  and  White  rivers  form  its 
western  and  northern  boundary.  Big  Pigeon  and  Po« 
toka  creeks  are  the  principal  streams.  Pop.  1840, 
8,977.  Princeton  is  the  county  seat. 

Grant  Co.  contains  415  square  miles;  surface  lev. 
el.  The  Mississinewa  is  the  principal  water  course. 
Pop.  1840,  4,875.  Marion  is  the  county  seat. 

Greene  Co.  contains  546  square  miles ;  surface 
generally  level,  soil  rich.  Principal  stream,  west 
fork  of  White  river.  Pop.  1840,  8,321.  Bloom- 
field  is  the  county  seat. 

Hamilton  Co.  contains  400  square  miles  ;  surface 
generally  level.  Principal  streams,  the  west  fork 
of  White  river  and  tributaries.  Pop.  1840,  9,855. 
Noblesville  is  the  county  seat. 

Hancock  Co.  contains  310  square  miles ;  surface 
generally  level,  soil  good.  Blue  river,  Brandy  wine 
and  Sugar  creeks,  are  the  principal  streams.  Pop. 
1840,  7,535.  Greenfield  is  the  county  seat. 

Harrison  Co.  contains  470  square  miles ;  surface 


.    INDIANA.  51 

rather  hilly,  soil  good.  The  Ohio  river  forms  its 
southern  boundary.  The  Big  Blue  river,  and  Big 
and  Little  Indian  creeks  drain  its  surface.  Pop. 
1840,  12,459.  Corydon  is  the  county  seat. 

Hendricks  Co.  contains  380  square  miles ;  sur- 
face rolling,  soil  good.  Drained  by  Eel  river  and 
Mill  and  White-lick  creeks.  Pop.  1840,  11,26:4. 
Danville  is  the  county  seat. 

Henry  Co.  contains  385  square  miles ;  surface 
generally  level.  Drained  by  Blue  river,  Fall  and 
Flat  Rock  creeks.  Pop.  1840,  15,128.  New  Cas- 
tle is  the  county  seat. 

Huntington  Co.  contains  384  square  miles ;  sur- 
face undulating,  soil  very  good.  Little,  Salamania, 
and  Wabash  rivers,  are  the  water  courses.  Pop. 
1840,  1,579.  Huntington  is  the  county  seat. 

Jackson  Co.  contains  500  square  miles ;  surface 
rolling,  soil  good.  East  fork  of  White  river  and 
branches  are  the  water  courses.  Pop.  1840,  8,961. 
Brownstown  is  the  county  seat. 

Jasper  Co.  contains  1,050  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  principally  prairie.  Ircquois  river  is  the  prin- 
cipal stream.  Pop.  1840, 1,267.  Capital,  Rensselaer. 

Jay  Co.  contains  370  square  miles  ;  surface  level, 
soil  good.  Drained  by  the  Salamania  and  Waba;«h 
rivers.  Pop.  1840,  1,267.  Capital,  Portland. 

Jefferson  Co.  contains  360  square  miles  ;  surface 
generally  hilly,  soil  good.  The  Ohio  river  forms 
its  southern  boundary.  Drained  principally  by  the 
Muscatatack  and  Indian  Kentucky  creeks.  Pop. 
1840,  16,614.  Madison,  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
Ohio  river,  is  the  county  seat. 

Jennings  Co.  contains  380  square  miles  ;  sui  iace 
hilly,  soil  productive.  Principal  streams,  Muscat".,. 


52  INDIANA. 

tack  river  and  Sand  creek.  Pop.  1840,  8,829. 
Vernon  is  the  county  seat. 

Johnson  Co.  contains  320  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  fertile.  Streams,  east  and  west 
forks  of  White  river,  and  tributaries.  Pop.  1940, 
9,352.  Franklin  is  the  county  seat. 

.  Knox  Co.  contains  540  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  generally  very  rich.  The  White 
river  forms  its  southern  and  eastern  boundary,  and 
the  Wabash  its  western.  Pop.  1840, 10,657.  Vin- 
cennes,  the  county  seat,  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  Wabash  river,  and  is  the  oldest  settlement  in 
Indiana,  founded  by  the  French  in  1690. 

Kosciusko  Co.  contains  567  square  miles  ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  fertile.  Drained  by  Tippecanoe  riv- 
er. Pop.  1840,  4,170.  Warsaw  is  the  county  seat. 

La  Grange  Co.  contains  380  square  miles ;  surface 
rolling,  soil  rich.  Drained  by  Fawn,  Elkhart,  and 
Pigeon  rivers.  Pop.  3,664.  Lima  is  the  county  seat. 

Lake  Co.  contains  468  square  miles  ;  surface  va- 
rious, sand  hills  on  the  lake  shore,  and  marshy  on 
the  streams,  soil  in  some  parts  very  rich.  Lake 
Michigan  forms  its  northern,  and  the  Kankakee  riv- 
er its  southern  boundary.  Drained  by  the  Calumic 
river.  Capital,  Crown  Point.  Pop.  1840,  1,468. 

La  Porte  Co.  contains  460  square  miles  ;  surface 
generally  level,  soil  excellent.  Drained  by  the 
Kankakee  and  branches,  and  Trail  creek.  Pop. 
1840,  8,184.  La  Porte  is  the  county  seat. 

Lawrence  Co.  contains  438  square  miles ;  sur- 
face generally  hilly.  The  east  fork  of  White  river 
and  branches  are  the  principal  water  courses.  Pop. 
1840,  11,782.  Bedford  is  the  county  seat. 

Madison  Co.  contains  390  square  miles ;  surface 


INDIANA.  53 

generally  level,  soil  productive.  The  west  fork  of 
White  river  and  tributaries  are  the  principal  streams. 
Pop.  1840,  8,874.  Andersontown  is  the  county  seat. 

Marshall  Co.  contains  440  square  miles  ;  surface 
level.  Drained  by  the  Yellow  river.  Pop.  1840, 
1,651.  Plymouth  is  the  county  seat. 

Marion  Co.  contains  400  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  excellent.  Principal  streams,  west  fork 
of  White  river  and  tributaries.  Pop.  1840,  16,080. 
Indianapolis,  the  capital  of  the  state,  and  the  county 
seat  of  Marion  Co.,  is  situated  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  west  fork  of  White  river,  and  very  near  the  geo- 
graphical center  of  the  state.  It  was  located  in 
1820,  (the  surface  of  the  ground  was  then  covered 
by  a  dense  forest,)  and  surveyed  and  laid  out  in  the 
spring  of  1821.  The  public  buildings  are  a  state- 
house,  a  court-house,  6  churches,  2  banks,  a  female 
institute,  a  county  seminary,  and  2,692  inhabitants. 

Indianapolis  is  west  from  Cincinnati,  110  miles; 
from  Louisville,  115  miles;  and  from  Washington, 
D.  C.,  573  miles. 

Martin  Co.  contains  300  square  miles ;  surface 
generally  hilly,  soil  productive.  Principal  stream, 
east  fork  of  White  river.  Pop.  1840,  3,875.  Mt. 
Pleasant  is  the  county  seat. 

Miami  Co.  contains  380  square  miles;  surface 
gently  undulating,  soil  very  excellent.  The  Eel 
and  Wabash  rivers  pass  through  the  county  from 
east  to  west.  Pop.  1840,  3,048.  Peru  is  the 
county  seat. 

Monroe  Co.  contains  420  square  miles ;  surface 
uneven.  Drained  by  Bean-blossom  and  Clear  creeks. 
Pop.  1840,  10,143.  Bloomington  is  the  county  seat. 

Montgomery  Co.  contains  504  square  miles ;  sur- 
5* 


54  INDIANA. 

face  gently  undulating,  soil  rich.  Principal  streams, 
Big  Raccoon  and  Sugar  creeks.  Pop.  1840, 14,348. 
Crawfordsville  is  the  county  seat. 

Morgan  Co.  contains  453-  square  miles  ;  surface 
generally  rolling,  soil  good.  Streams,  west  fork  of 
White  river  and  tributaries.  Pop.  1840,  10,741. 
Martinsville  is  the  county  seat. 

Newton  Co.  contains  640  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  prairie  land.  Drained  by  the  Iroquois  river 
and  Sugar  creek.  Name  changed  to  Jasper. 

Noble  Co.  contains  432  square  miles  ;  surface  lev- 
el. Drained  by  the  Elkhart  and  Tippecanoe  rivers. 
Pop.  1840,  2,702.  Augusta  is  the  county  seat. 

Orange  Co.  contains  400  square  miles ;  surface 
hilly.  Drained  by  Lost  and  Potoka  creeks.  Pop. 
1840,  9,602.  Paoli  is  the  county  seat. 

Owen  Co.  contains  396  square  miles ;  surface 
rolling,  soil  good.  Principal  streams,  west  fork  of 
White  river  and  branches.  Pop.  1840,  8,359. 
Spencer  is  the  county  seat. 

Parke  Co.  contains  450  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  rich.  The  Wabash  river  forms  its  west- 
ern boundary,  and  Big  and  Little  Raccoon,  and  Su- 
gar creeks,  are  the  principal  water  courses.  Pop. 
1840,  13,499.  Rockville  is  the  county  seat. 

Perry  Co.  contains  400  square  miles ;  surface 
hilly,  soil  good  on  the  streams.  The  Ohio  river 
forms  its  eastern  and  southern  boundary.  Drained 
by  Anderson's,  Bear,  Deer,  and  Oil  creeks.  Pop. 
1840,  4,655.  Rome  is  the  county  seat. 

Pike  Co.  contains  325  square  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating, soil  good.  White  river  forms  its  northern 
boundary,  and  Potoka  creek  passes  centrally  through 
it.  Pop.  1840, 4,769.  Petersburg  is  the  county  seat. 


INDIANA.  55 

Porter  Co.  contains  415  square  miles;  surface 
generally  level,  high  and  barren  lands  on  the  lake 
shore,  marshes  on  the  Kankakee,  which  forms  its 
southern  boundary.  Streams,  Calumic  river,  Coffee 
and  Salt  creeks.  Pop.  2,162.  Capital,  Valparaiso. 

Posey  Co.  contains  450  square  miles;  surface 
rolling,  soil  productive.  The  Ohio  forms  its  south- 
ern, and  the  Wabash  its  western  boundary.  Drain, 
ed  centrally  by  Big  creek.  Pop.  1840,  9,683. 
Mt.  Vernon  is  the  county  seat. 

Pulaski  Co.  contains  342  square  miles  ;  principal 
stream,  Tippecanoe  river.  Pop.  1840,  561.  Cap. 
ital,  Winamac. 

Putnam  Co.  contains  486  square  miles ;  surface  roll- 
ing,  soil  good.  Drained  by  Eel  river  and  Raccoon 
creek.  Pop.  16,842.  Greencastle  is  the  county  seat. 

Randolph  Co.  contains  440  square  miles ;  surface 
rolling,  soil  rich.  Drained  by  the  Mississinewa,  west 
fork  of  White,  and  Whitewater  rivers.  Pop.  1840, 
10,684.  Winchester  is  the  county  seat. 

Ripley  Co.  contains  400  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  good.  Drained  by  the  head  branches  of 
the  Muscatatack  river,  and  Laughery  creek.  Pop. 
1840,  10,392.  Versailles  is  the  county  seat. 

Rush  Co.  contains  410  square  miles ;  surface 
rolling,  soil  productive.  Blue  and  Flat-rock  rivers 
are  the  principal  streams.  Pop.  1840,  16,454. 
Rushville  is  the  county  seat. 

Scott  Co.  contains  200  square  miles ;  surface 
rolling,  soil  productive.  Drained  by  branches  of 
the  Muscatatack.  Pop.  1840,  4,242.  Lexington 
is  the  county  seat. 

Shelby  Co.  contains  410  square  miles;  surfacf 
level,  soil  very  good.  Streams,  Blue  river,  Flat 


56  INDIANA. 

rock  and  Sugar  creeks.  Pop.  1840, 12,005.  Shel- 
byville  is  the  county  seat. 

Spencer  Co.  contains  400  square  miles  ;  surface 
rather  hilly,  soil  productive.  The  Ohio  forms  its 
southern  boundary,  and  Little  Pigeon  creek  its  west- 
ern. Drained  by  Big,  Crooked,  and  Little  Sandy 
creeks.  Pop.  1840,  6,305.  Rockport  is  the  co.  seat. 

St.  Joseph  Co.  contains  468  square  miles  ;  surface 
generally  level,  soil  first  rate.  St.  Joseph  and  Kan- 
kakee  rivers  are  the  principal  streams.  Pop.  1840, 
6,425.  South  Bend,  the  county  seat,  is  a  rapidly 
growing  place. 

Starke  Co.  contains  432  square  miles  ;  principal 
stream,  Kankakee  river,  with  extensive  marshes  on 
its  borders.  Pop.  1840,  149. 

Steuben  Co.  contains  225  square  miles ;  soil  good. 
Drained  by  Crooked  and  Fish  creeks.  Pop.  1840, 
2,578.  Angola  is  the  county  seat. 

Sullivan  Co.  contains  430  square  miles ;  surface 
rolling,  with  rich  prairies.  The  Wabash  river  forms 
its  western  boundary.  Drained  by  Busseron,  Fur- 
man's,  and  Turtle  creeks.  Pop.  1840,  8,315.  Me- 
rom  is  the  county  seat. 

Switzerland  Co.  contains  216  square  miles ;  sur- 
face various,  soil  on  the  bottoms  rich.  The  Ohio 
forms  its  eastern  and  southern  boundary.  Drained 
by  many  small  creeks.  Pop.  1840,  9,920.  At 
Vevay,  the  county  seat,  are  many  fine  vineyards. 

Tippecanoe  Co.  contains  504  square  miles ;  sur- 
face level,  soil  excellent.  The  Wabash  passes  through 
the  county  in  a  southerly  direction — other  streams, 
Tippecanoe  river,  and  Wild-cat  and  Wea  creeks. 
Pop.  1840,  13,724.  La  Fayette,  the  county  seat, 
has  a  court-house,  7  churches,  21  stores.  Pop.  2000. 


INDIANA.  57 

Union  Co.  contains  168  square  miles ;  surface 
moderately  ruling,  soil  good.  Streams,  east  fork 
of  Whitewater  and  tributaries.  Pop.  1840,  8,017. 
Liberty  is  the  county  seat. 

Vanderburg  Co.  contains  225  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face high,  rolling  land.  The  Ohio  forms  its  southern 
boundary.  Drained  principally  by  Big  Pigeon  creek. 
Pop.  1840,  6,250.  Evansville,  the  county  seat,  con- 
tains a  court-house,  bank,  8  churches,  an  academy, 
45  stores,  and  2,500  inhabitants.  The  Great  Wa- 
bash  and  Central  canals,  are  to  terminate  here. 

Vermillion  Co.  contains  280  square  miles ;  sur- 
face high,  with  bluffs  near  the  streams,  soil  rich. 
The  Wabash  forms  its  eastern  boundary.  Princi- 
pal  streams,  Vermillion  and  Little  Vermillion  rivers, 
and  some  small  creeks.  Pop.  1840,  8,274.  New- 
port is  the  county  seat. 

Vigo  Co.  contains  400  square  miles  ;  surface  gen- 
erally level,  soil  excellent.  The  Wabash  river  pass- 
es through  the  county.  Drained  by  Honey,  Otter, 
and  Prairie  creeks.  Pop.  1840,  12,076.  Terre 
Haute,  the  county  seat,  contains  a  court-house,  2 
churches,  55  stores,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants. 

Wabash  Co.  contains  415  square  miles ;  surface  va- 
rious, rich  bottoms  on  the  streams.  Water  courses, 
Eel,  Wabash,  and  Salamania  rivers.  Pop.  1840, 
2,756.  Wabash  is  the  county  seat. 

Warren  Co.  contains  350  square  miles  ;  surface 
generally  level,  large  proportion  prairie  land,  soil 
rich.  The  Wabash  forms  its  southeastern  border. 
Drained  by  Big  and  Little  Pine,  and  Red-wood 
creeks.  Pop.  1840,  5,656.  Williamsport  is  the 
county  seat. 

Warrick  Co.  contains  360  square  miles ;  surface 


58  INDIANA. 

hilly,  soil  productive.  The  Ohio  on  its  southern, 
and  Little  Pigeon  creek  on  its  eastern  border. 
Drained  by  the  Big  Pigeon,  Cypress,  and  several 
branches  of  the  Little  Pigeon  creek.  Pop.  1840, 
6,321.  Booneville  is  the  county  seat. 

Washington  Co.  contains  540  square  miles ;  sur- 
face hilly,  soil  various.  Drained  by  Big  Blue  riv- 
er on  the  south,  and  tributaries  of  White  river  on 
the  north.  Pop.  1840,  15,269.  Salem  is  the 
county  seat. 

Wayne  Co.  contains  420  square  miles ;  surface 
rather  hilly,  soil  very  rich.  Streams,  east  and 
west  branches  of  Whitewater  river,  abounding  in 
fine  mill  sites.  Pop.  1840,  23,292.  Centerville  is 
the  county  seat. 

Wells  Co.  contains  372  square  miles ;  surface  gen- 
erally level.  The  Wabash  is  the  principal  stream, 
affording  many  fine  mill  sites.  Pop.  1840,  1,822. 

White  Co.  contains  530  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  one-half  prairie,  soil  good.  Tippecanoe  riv- 
er is  the  principal  stream.  Pop.  1840,  1,832. 
Monticello  is  the  county  seat. 

Whitley  Co.  contains  324  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  good.  Drained  by  Eel  river.  Pop. 
1840,  1,237.  Capital,  Columbia. 

Benton,  a  new  Co.,  recently  erected  from  Jasper. 
Drained  by  Sugar  and  Pine  creeks.  Surface,  prin. 
cipally  prairie  land. 


INDIANA.  59 


INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  Wabash  and  Erie  canal,  commencing  at  To- 
ledo,  Ohio,  and  extending  along  the  Maumee  river 
87J-  miles  to  the  Indiana  line,  thence  along  the  Mau- 
mee and  Wabash  rivers  to  La  Fayette,  a  further 
distance  of  99£  miles.  Whole  length  187  miles. 

The  Whitewater  canal  commences  on  the  Ohio 
river  at  Lawrenceburg,  and  passes  up  the  valley  of 
the  Whitewater  river  30  miles  to  Brookville,  to  be 
extended  north  to  Cambridge  city  on  the  National 
road. 

The  Central  canal,  designed  to  connect  the  Ohio 
at  Evansville,  with  the  Wabash  and  Erie  canal  at 
Peru,  a  distance  of  290  miles. 

The  Northern  canal  to  commence  at  Fort  Wayne 
and  extend  across  the  state  to  Michigan  city  on 
Lake  Michigan.  . 

The  Terre  Haute  and  Eel  river  canal  to  connect 
the  Central  with  the  Wabash  and  Erie  canal. 

The  Madison  and  Indianapolis  railroad  extends 
from  Madison,  on  the  Ohio  river,  95  miles  to  Indian- 
apolis. 

Several  other  canals  and  railroads  have  been  pro- 
jected, but  very  little  has  been  done  to  them  but  to 
survey  the  routes. 


60  ILLINOIS. 


ILLINOIS. 

THE  State  of  Illinois  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Wisconsin  Territory ;  east  by  Indiana ;  south-east 
and  south  by  the  Ohio  river,  which  separates  it  from 
Kentucky ;  and  west  by  the  Mississippi,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  the  State  of  Missouri  and  Iowa  Terri. 
tory.  Its  extreme  length  is  378  miles,  and  its  ex- 
trerne  width  210  miles,  containing  an  area  of  about 
55,000  square  miles.  Pop.  1840,  476,183.  ' 

Face  of  the  Country,  fyc. — The  surface  is  gene- 
rally  level ;  the  southern  and  northern  parts  of  the 
state  are  somewhat  broken  and  hilly,  but  no  where 
rising  to  an  elevation  deserving  the  name  of  a  moun- 
tain. That  portion  of  the  state,  south  of  a  line  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Wabash  to  the  mouth  of  the  Kas- 
kaskia,  is  mostly  covered  with  timber ;.  thence  north- 
ward,  prairie  predominates.  "  The  eye  sometimes 
wanders  over  immense  plains,  covered  with  grass, 
finding  no  limit  to  its  vision  but  the  distant  horizon  ; 
while  more  frequently  it  wanders  from  grove  to 
grove,  and  from  one  point  of  woodland  to  another, 
charmed  and  refreshed  by  an  endless  variety  of 
scenic  beauty."  A  range  of  bluffs  commence  on  the 
margin  of  the  Mississippi,  (a  short  distance  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Ohio,)  and  extends  north  of  the  Des 
Moines  Rapids,  sometimes  rising  abruptly  from  the 
water's  edge,  but  most  generally  at  a  few  miles  dis- 
tance, having,  between  the  bluffs  and  the  river,  a 
strip  of  alluvial  formation,  of  most  exhaustless  fer. 
tility.  The  soil  throughout  the  state  is  generally 
very  fertile.  The  forest  trees  most  abundant  are 
oak  of  different  species,  walnut,  ash,  elm,  sugar 


ILLINOIS.  61 

maple,  locust,  hackberry,  buckeye,  sycamore,  dsc. 
Lead  is  a  very  important  mineral  production  of  this 
state  ;  copper  and  iron  ores  exist.  Coal  abounds  in 
the  bluffs  ;  several  fine  salt  springs  exist  in  the  south- 
ern  part  of  the  state.  Vegetable  productions  are  In- 
dian  corn,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  buckwheat,  potatoes,  tur- 
nips, cotton,  hemp,  flax,  tobacco,  castor  bean,  &c. 

Rivers. — The  Mississippi,  Ohio  and  Wabash  rivers 
form  more  than  two  thirds  of  the  boundary  of  the 
state.  The  Big  Muddy,  Kaskaskia,  Illinois  and  Rock 
rivers,  and  many  smaller  streams,  empty  themselves 
into  the  Mississippi  river.  Chicago  river  empties 
into  Lake  Michigan.  Vermillion,  Embarras  and 
Little  Wabash  into  the  Wabash,  and  Saline  and  Big 
Bay  creeks  into  the  Ohio  river. 

Form  of  Government,  fyc. — The  powers  of  govern- 
ment  are  divided  into  three  distinct  departments — the 
legislative,  executive  and  judiciary.  The  legislative 
authority  is  vested  in  a  general  assembly,  consisting 
of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives.  Elections 
are  held  biennially,  as  are  the  ordinary  sessions  of 
the  legislature.  Senators  are  "elected  for  four  years. 

The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  governor, 
who  is  elected  every  fourth  year  by  the  electors  for 
representatives  ;  but  the  same  person  is  ineligible 
for  the  next  succeeding  four  years. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  supreme  court, 
and  such  inferior  courts,  as  the  general  assembly  shall 
from  time  to  time  establish. 

The  right  of  suffrage  is  universal.    All  white  male 
inhabitants,  twenty-one  years  of  age,  who  have  re- 
sided within  the  state  six  months  preceding  the  elec- 
tions, enjoy  the  right  of  electors      Votes  are  given  . 
viva  wee. 


02  ILLINOIS. 

COUNTIES  IN  THE  STATE  OF  ILLINOIS, 

Adams  Co.  contains  644  sq.  miles  ;  soil  good,  tim- 
ber and  prairie.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  western 
boundary.  Bear  and  M'Kees  creeks,  and  several 
smaller  streams,  drain  its  surface.  Pop.  1840, 
14,476.  Quincy  is  the  county  seat. 

Alexander  Co.  contains  360  sq.  miles  ;  soil  fertile. 
The  Mississippi  on  the  west,  and  the  Ohio  on  the 
southeast.  Cash  river  passes  centrally  through  it. 
Pop.  1840,  2,242.  Unity  is  the  county  seat. 

Bond  Co.  contains  360  sq.  miles ;  surface  level, 
soil  productive.  Principal  stream,  Shoal  creek. 
Pop.  1840,  5,060.  Greenville  is  the  county  seat. 

Boone  Co.  contains  428  sq.  miles;  surface  undu- 
lating, prairie  and  timber,  soil  excellent.  Kishwau- 
kee  river  and  branches  drain  its  surface.  Pop.  1840, 
1,705.  Belvidere  is  the  county  seat. 

Brown  Co.  contains  300  sq.  miles  ;  surface  undu- 
lating, soil  rich.  The  Illinois  river  forms  its  eastern, 
and  Crooked  creek  part  of  its  northern  boundary. 
M'Kees  creek  is  the  only  stream  passing  through  the 
county.  Pop.  1840,  4,183.  Capital,  Mount  Sterling. 

Bureau  Co.  contains  712  sq.  miles  ;  surface  undu- 
lating, some  parts  level,  prairie,  and  a  few  small  groves 
of  timber,  and  some  swamps.  Bureau  creek  is  the 
principal  stream.  Pop.  3,067.  Capital,  Princeton. 

Calhoun  Co.  contains  about  240  sq.  miles ;  table  land 
and  strips  of  alluvion  on  the  Mississippi  and  Illinois 
rivers.  Pop.  1840,  1,741.  Gilead  is  the  county  seat. 

Carroll  Co.  contains  about  430  sq.  miles  ;  surface 
undulating,  timber  in  groves,  soil  good.  The  Mis- 
sissippi river  forms  its  western  boundary.  Plum 
and  Rush  creeks  drain  its  surface.  Pop.  1840, 
1,023.  Savanna  is  the  county  seat. 


ILLINOIS.  68 

Casa  Co.  contains  270  sq.  miles ;  surface  level, 
prairie  and  timber  land,  soil  excellent.  Sangamon 
river  forms  its  northern,  and  the  Illinois  its  western 
boundary.  Drained  by  some  small  streams.  Pop. 
1840,  2,981.  Virginia  is  the  county  seat. 

Champaign  Co.  contains  792  sq.  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  large  prairies,  soil  good.  Drained  by  the 
Embarras,  Kaskaskia,  Sangamon,  Vermillion  of  the 
Illinois,  and  Vermillion  of  Wabash  rivers.  Pop. 
1840,  1,475.  Urbanna  is  the  county  seat. 

Christian  Co.  contains  about  690  square  miles ; 
surface  undulating,  soil  first  rate.  Principal  stream, 
south  fork  of  Sangamon  river.  Pop.  1840,  1,878. 
Edinburg  is  the  county  seat. 

Clark  Co.  contains  500  square  miles ;  surface  undu- 
lating, timber  and  prairie,  soil  productive.  The  Wa- 
bash forms  part  of  its  eastern  boundary.  Drained  by 
the  north  fork  of  the  Embarras  and  some  small  creeks. 
Pop.  1840,  7,453.  Marshall  is  the  county  seat. 

Clay  Co.  contains  475  square  miles ;  surface  level, 
considerable  prairie,  some  swamp.  Principal  streams, 
Little  Wabash  and  tributaries.  Pop.  1840,  3,228. 
Lewisville  is  the  county  seat. 

Clinton  Co.  contains  480  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  timber  and  prairie.  Streams,  Kaskas- 
kia river  and  branches.  Pop.  1840,  3,718.  Car- 
lyle  is  the  county  seat. 

Coles  Co.  contains  1,240  square  miles;  surface 
undulating,  rich  prairie  and  timber  on  the  streams. 
Water  courses,  Kaskaskia  and  Embarras  rivers. 
Pop.  1840,  9,616.  Charleston  is  the  county  seat. 

Cook  Co.  contains  864  square  miles  ;  surface  un- 
dulating, prairie  with  groves  of  timber,  and  some- 
swamp,  Lake  Michigan  on  the  east.  Streams,  Calu- 


64  ILLINOIS. 

mic,  Chicago,  and  Des  Plaines  river.  Pop.  1840, 
9,826.  The  county  seat,  Chicago,  is  the  largest 
town  in  the  state,  situated  on  the  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan,  at  the  head  of  the  Michigan  and  Illinois 
canal,  which  is  intended  to  unite  the  waters  of  Lake 
Michigan  and  Mississippi  river. 

Crawford  Co.  contains  396  square  miles  ;  surface 
level,  prairie  and  timber  land.  The  Wabash  river 
forms  its  eastern  boundary.  Drained  by  some  small 
streams,  tributaries  of  the  Wabash  and  Embarras 
rivers.  Pop.  1840,  4,422.  Palestine  is  the  county 
seat. 

De  Kalb  Co.  contains  648  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  prairie,  and  small  groves  of  timber. 
Drained  by  tributaries  of  the  Fox  and  Rock  rivers. 
Pop.  1840,  1,687.  Sycamore  is  the  county  seat. 

De  Witt  Co.  contains  600  square  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating, soil  first  rate,  prairie  with  timber  on  the  mar- 
gins  of  streams.  The  north  fork  of  Sangamon  river, 
Kickapoo  and  Salt  creeks  pass  through  the  county. 

Dupage  Co.  contains  375  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  prairie,  with  groves  of  timber,  soil  ex- 
cellent. Pop.  1840,  3,535.  Naperville  is  the 
county  seat. 

Edgar  Co.  contains  600  square  miles;  large  pro- 
portion of  prairie  land.  Drained  by  Big,  Brulette's, 
and  Clear  creeks,  and  Little  Embarras  river.  Pop. 
1840,  8,225.  Paris  is  the  county  seat. 

Edwards  Co.  contains  about  200  square  miles ; 
surface  undulating,  some  small  prairies,  soil  fertile. 
Streams,  Little  Wabash,  and  Bon  Pas  creek,  which 
forms  its  eastern  boundary.  Pop.  1840,  3,070. 
Albion  is  the  county  seat. 

Effingham  Co.  contains  486  square  miles  ;  sur- 


ILLINOIS.  65 

face  slightly  ui/dulating,  prairie,  with  timber  on  the 
streams.  Drained  by  the  Little  Wabash  river. 
Pop.  1840,  1,675.  Ewington  is  the  county  seat. 

Fayette  Co.  contains  684  sq.  miles ;  surface  lev 
el,  prairie  and  woodland.  Streams,  Kaskaskia  rivei 
and  branches.  Pop.  1840,6,328.  Vandalia  is  the 
county  seat,  and  contains  about  800  inhabitants. 

Franklin  Co.  contains  "410  sq.  miles;  surface 
level,  with  small  prairies,  soil  fertile.  Streams, 
Big  Muddy  river  and  branches.  Pop.  1840,  3,682. 
Benton  is  the  county  seat. 

Fulton  Co.  contains  850  sq.  miles  ;  surface  undu- 
lating, prairie  and  timber  land,  soil  excellent.  The 
Illinois  river  forms  part  of  its  eastern  boundary,  and 
Spoon  river  and  Copperas  creek  are  the  principal 
streams.  Pop.  1840,  13,142.  Lewiston  is  the 
county  seat. 

Gallatin  Co.  contains  750  sq.  miles  ;  surface  gen- 
erally level,  soil  sandy,  with  excellent  salt  springs. 
Ohio  and  Wabash  rivers  on  the  east.  Drained  cen- 
trally by  Saline  creek  and  branches.  Pop.  1840, 
10,760.  Equality  is  the  county  seat. 

Greene  Co.  contains  540  sq.  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating, prairie  and  woodland,  with  perpendicular 
blufFs  near  the  Illinois,  soil  good.  Principal  streams, 
Apple,  Macoupin,  and  Otter  creeks.  Pop.  1840, 
11,951.  Carrollton  is  the  county  seat. 

Hamilton  Co.  contains  414  sq.  miles ;  surface 
generally  covered  with  timber.  Drained  by  branches 
of  the  Little  Wabash  and  Saline  creek.  Pop.  1840, 
3,945.  M'Leansboro  is  the  county  seat. 

Hancock  Co.  contains  750  sq.  miles  ;  surface  un- 
dulating, large  proportion  of  prairie,  soil  good.     The 
Mississippi  forms  its  western  boundary.     Drained  by 
6* 


66  ILLINOIS. 

Bear  and  Crooked  creeks.  Pop.  184Q,  9,946. 
Carthage  is  the  county  seat. 

Hardin  Co.  contains  100  sq.  miles ;  surface  ra- 
ther uneven,  soil  fertile.  The  Ohio  river  forms  its 
southern  boundary.  Pop.  1840,  1,378. 

Henry  Co.  contains  750  sq.  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating, principally  prairie  land,  and  some  swamp, 
soil  rich.  Drained  by  Edwards,  Green,  and  the 
upper  branches  of  Spoon  river.  Pop.  1840,  1,260. 
Richmond  is  the  county  seat. 

Iroquois  Co.  contains  1,370  sq.  miles;  surface 
level,  mostly  prairie,  some  swamps.  Streams,  the 
Iroquois  and  branches.  Pop.  1840,  1,695.  Cap- 
ital, Montgomery. 

Jackson  Co.  contains  576  sq.  miles  ;  surface  bro- 
ken. The  Mississippi  forms  its  western  boundary, 
and  Muddy  river  passes  through  it.  Pop.  1840, 
3,566.  Brownsville  is  the  county  seat. 

'Jasper  Co.  contains  475  sq.  miles  ;  surface  level, 
two-thirds  prairie,  rather  wet.  Principal  stream, 
Embarras  river.  Pop.  1840,  1,472.  Newton  is 
the  county  seat. 

Jefferson  Co.  contains  576  sq.  miles  ;  surface  un- 
dulating, with  small  prairies.  Drained  by  the  Big 
Muddy,  and  Adams  fork  of  Little  Wabash.  Pop. 
1840,  5,762.  Mt.  Vernon  is  the  county  seat. 

Jersey  Co.  contains  about  320  sq.  miles  ;  surface 
undulating,  with  perpendicular  bluff  near  the  Illinois 
and  Mississippi  rivers,  soil  good.  Drained  by  the 
Big  Piasa  and  some  small  streams.  Pop.  1840, 
4,535.  Jerseyville  is  the  county  seat. 

Jo  Daviess  Co.  contains  about  650  sq.  miles  ;  sur. 
face  undulating,  some  groves  of  timber,  soil  good. 
Minerals,  copper  and  lead.  The  Mississippi  forma 


ILLINOIS.  67 

its  southwestern  boundary.  Apple,  Feve  or  Bean, 
and  Sinsinawa  creeks  drain  its  surface.  Pop.  1840, 
6,180.  Galena  is  the  county  seat. 

Johnson  Co.  contains  480  sq.  miles ;  surface  un- 
even, timbered  land,  with  some  large  swamps. 
Drained  by  Big  Bay  creek  and  Cash  river.  Pop. 
1840,  3,626.  Vienna  is  the  county  seat. 

Kane  Co.  contains  648  sq.  miles ;  surface  undu- 
lating, mostly  prairie.  Streams,  Fox  river  and 
branches.  Pop.  6,501.  Geneva  is  the  co.  seat. 

Knox  Co.  contains  720  sq.  miles ;  surface  undu- 
lating, large  prairies,  soil  excellent.  Principal 
streams,  Spoon  river  and  branches.  Pop.  1840, 
7,060.  Knoxville  is  the  county  seat. 

Lake  Co.  contains  about  450  sq.  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  principally  prairie.  Lake  Michigan  forms 
its  eastern  boundary.  The  Des  Plaines  river  passes 
through  it.  Pop.  1840,  2,634.  Capital,  Little  Fort. 

La  Salle  Co.  contains  1,872  sq.  miles;  surface 
undulating,  with  fine  groves  on  the  streams,  soil  first 
rate.  Illinois  river  and  tributaries  are  the  water 
courses.  Pop.  1840,  9,348.  Ottawa  is  the  county 
seat.  Peru,  on  the  Illinois,  at  the  termination  of 
the  Michigan  and  Illinois  canal,  is  a  growing  place. 

Lee  Co.  contains  about  720  sq.  miles  ;  surface  un- 
dulating, prairie  and  groves  of  timber,  soil  first  rate. 
Rock  river  passes  through  the  county.  Pop.  1840, 
2,035.  Dixon  is  the  county  seat. 

Lawrence  Co.  contains  612  sq.  miles;  surface 
level,  prairie  and  timber,  some  large  swamps.  The 
Wabash  forms  its  eastern  boundary.  Streams,  Bon 
Pas  and  Embarras  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  7,092.  Law- 
renceville  is  the  county  seat. 

Livingston  Co.  contains  1,026  sq.  miles ;  surface 


68  ILLINOIS. 

undulating,  principally  prairie.  Drained  by  the  Ver- 
million  river.  Pop.  1840,  759.  Capital,  Pontiac. 

Logan  Co.  contains  584  sq.  miles ;  surface  undu- 
lating, soil  first  rate.  Kickapoo,  Salt,  and  Sugar 
creeks  are  the  principal  streams.  Pop.  1840,  2,303. 
Postville  is  the  county  seat. 

Macon  Co.  contains  972  sq.  miles ;  surface  roll- 
ing, prairies,  with  strips  of  timber  on  the  streams, 
soil  excellent.  Drained  by  the  head  branches  of  the 
Kaskaskia,  the  Sangamon  river,  and  Salt  creek. 
Pop.  1840,  3,039.  Decatur  is  the  county  seat. 

Madison  Co.  contains  750  sq.  miles  ;  surface  gen- 
erally undulating,  soil  good,  the  bottom  lands  on  the 
Mississippi  river  are  exceedingly  fertile.  The  Mis- 
sissippi forms  its  western  boundary.  Drained  by  the 
Cahokia  and  Silver  creeks,  and  Wood  river.  Pop. 
1840, 7,826.  Edwardsville  is  the  county  seat.  Al- 
ton, on  the  Mississippi,  (2  miles  above  its  junction 
with  the  Missouri,)  an  incorporated  town,  contain- 
ing a  present  population  of  about  2,300. 

Macoupin  Co.  contains  864  sq.  miles;  surface 
gently  undulating,  prairie  and  woodland,  soil  good. 
Drained  by  Apple,  Cahokia,  and  Macoupin  creeks. 
Pop.  1840,  7,826.  Carlinville  is  the  county  seat. 

Marion  Co.  contains  576  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  prairie  and  woodland.  Drained  by  tributaries 
of  the  Kaskaskia  and  Little  Wabash  rivers.  Pop. 
1840,  4,792.  Salem  is  the  county  seat. 

Marshall  Co.  contains  about  370  sq.  miles ;  sur- 
face undulating,  prairie  and  forest,  soil  first  rate. 
Water  courses  are  the  Illinois,  Crow,  and  Sand 
creeks.  Pop.  1840, 1,849.  Lacon  is  the  county  seat. 

M'Donough  Co.  contains  576  sq.  miles;  surface 
undulating,  prairie  and  woodland,  soil  excellent. 


ILLINOIS.  69 

Drained  by  Crooked  creek  and  branches.  Pop. 
1840,  5,308.  Macomb  is  the  county  seat. 

M'Henry  Co.  contains  about  425  sq.  miles ;  sur- 
face undulating,  principally  prairie,  some  timber  in 
groves.  Fox  river  passes  through  the  county.  Pop. 
1840,  2,578.  M'Henry  is  the  county  seat. 

M'Lean  Co.  contains  1,674  sq.  miles;  surface 
gently  undulating,  principally  prairie,  with  finegroves 
of  timber  on  the  streams,  soil  rich.  Drained  by 
Mackinaw,  and  Kickapoo,  and  Salt  creeks.  Pop. 
1840,  6,565.  Bloomington  is  the  county  seat. 

Menard  Co.  contains  about  500  sq.  miles  ;  surface 
undulating,  timber  and  prairie,  soil  good.  Water 
courses,  Illinois  and  Sangamon  rivers,  and  Salt  creek. 
Pop.  1840,  4,431.  Petersburg  is  the  county  seat. 

Mercer  Co.  contains  550  sq.  miles ;  surface  undu- 
lating, principally  prairie,  soil  rich.  The  Mississippi 
forms  its  western  boundary.  Drained  by  Edward's 
river  and  Pope's  creek.  Pop.  1840,  2,352.  Mil- 
lersburg  is  the  county  seat. 

Monroe  Co.  contains  350  sq.  miles;  surface  gen- 
erally hilly,  a  strip  of  rich  alluvion  on  the  margin 
of  the  Mississippi.  Drained  by  Eagle,  Horse,  and 
Prairie  du  Long  creeks.  Pop.  1840,  4,481.  Wa- 
terloo is  the  county  seat. 

Montgomery  Co.  contains  684  sq.  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  prairie  and  forest  land.  Drained  by  the 
tributaries  of  the  Kaskaskia  and  Macoupin  rivers. 
Pop.  1840,  4,490.  Hillsboro  is  the  county  seat. 

Morgan  Co.  contains  620  sq.  miles ;  surface  gen- 
erally undulating,  prairie  and  woodland,  soil  excellent. 
Drained  by  Indian,  Mauvaise-terre,  Plum,  and  Sandy 
creeks.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  western  boundary. 
Pop.  1840, 19,547.  Jacksonville  is  the  county  seat. 


70  ILLINOIS. 

Ogle  Co.  contains  648  sq.  miles ;  surface  undu- 
utting,  prairies,  and  groves  of  timber,  soil  rich.  Prin- 
cipal streams,  Rock  river  and  tributaries.  Pop. 
1840,  3,497.  Oregon  city  is  the  county  seat. 

Peoria  Co.  contains  612  sq.  miles  ;  surface  undula- 
ting, divided  into  alternate  tracks  of  timber  and  prairie 
land,  soil  excellent.  Illinois  river  forms  its  eastern 
boundary ;  Spoon  river,  Copperas,  Kickapoo,  and 
Senatchwine  creeks,  drain  its  surface.  Pop.  1840, 
6,153.  Peoria  is  the  county  seat. 

Perry  Co.  contains  432  sq.  miles;  surface  level,  one 
third  prairie,  soil  second  rate.  Drained  by  Big  Beau- 
coup  and  Little  Muddy  creeks,  and  St.  Mary's  river. 
Pop.  1840,  3,222.  Pinckneyville  is  the  county  seat. 

Pike  Co.  contains  740  sq.  miles;  surface  uneven, 
soil  generally  good.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  eastern, 
and  the  Illinois  its  western  boundary  ;  the  Snycartee 
Slough,  Bay,  and  many  small  creeks,  are  the  water 
courses.  Pop.  1840, 11,728.  Pittsfield  is  the  co.  seat. 

Pope  Co.  contains  480  sq.  miles ;  surface  rather 
uneven,  soil  fertile.  The  Ohio  river  forms  its  south- 
eastern boundary.  Big  Bay  and  Lusk's  creeks,  and 
some  small  streams,  drain  its  surface.  Pop.  1840, 
4,094.  Golconda  is  the  county  seat. 

Putnam  Co.  contains  about  260  sq.  miles  ;  surface 
undulating,  prairie  and  forest,  soil  first  rate.  The 
Illinois  river  passes  through  it.  Pop.  1840,  4,094. 
Hennepin  is  the  county  seat. 

Randolph  Co.  contains  510  sq.  miles ;  surface 
broken,  soil  various,  bottom  land  very  rich.  The 
Mississippi  forms  its  southwestern  boundary.  Prin- 
cipal stream,  Kaskaskia  river.  Pop.  1840,  7,944. 
Kaskaskia  is  the  county  seat,  and  one  of  the  oldest 
settlements  in  the  state. 


ILLINOIS.  71 

Rock  Island  Co.  contains  366  sq.  miles;  surface 
various,  soil  generally  good.  The  Mississippi  forms 
its  northwestern  boundary.  Rock  river  is  the  prin- 
cipal stream.  Pop.  1840,  2,610.  Rock  Island  city 
is  the  county  seat. 

Sangamon  Co.  contains  900  sq.  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating, prairie  and  timbered  groves  on  the  streams. 
Drained  by  the  Sangamon  and  branches.  Pop.  1840, 
14,716.  Springfield,  the  capital  of  the  state  and  the 
county  seat  of  Sangamon  Co.,  is  situated  on  fhe  border 
of  a  beautiful  prairie,  4  miles  south  of  the  Sangamon; 
river,  and  very  near  the  geographical  renter  of  the 
state.  Jt  contains  a  court-house,  a  ja«,  and  a  mar. 
ket-house,  2  Presbyterian,  2  Baptist  an  Episcopal, 
and  a  Methodist  church,  3  printing  offices,  3  acade- 
mies, and  2,579  inhabitants.  Th*  capitol  occupies 
the  center  of  a  square  of  3  acres. 

Schuyler  Co.  contains  360  sq.  -niles ;  surface  undu, 
lating,  soil  rich.  The  Illinois  ibrms  its  southeastern 
boundary.  Crooked  and  Sug^r  creeks  drain  its  sur- 
face. Pop.  1840,  6,972.  Rusnville  is  the  county  seat. 

Scott  Co.  contains  aboix  225  sq.  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  rich,  tfauvaise-terre  and  Sandy 
creeks  are  the  principal  streams.  Pop.  1840,  6,215. 
Winchester  is  the  conflty  seat. 

Shelby  Co.  centals  954  sq.  miles  ;  surface  gen. 
tly  undulating,  prxirie  and  timber  on  the  streams, 
soil  very  fertile.  Drained  by  the  Kaskaskia,  Little 
Wabash,  and  S&ngamon  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  6,659. 
Shelby ville  is>the  county  seat. 

St.  Clair  Co.  contains  648  sq.  miles;  surface  un- 
dulating, and  sometimes  broken,  soil  various,  some 
parts  first  rate.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  western 
boundary.  Streams,  Kaskaskia  river  and  tributaries, 


72  ILLINOIS. 

Cahokia  and  Prairie  du  Pont  creeks.  Pop.  1840, 
13,631.  Belleville  is  the  county  seat. 

Stark  Co.  contains  369  sq.  miles ;  surface  undu- 
lating, timber  in  groves,  soil  excellent.  Spoon  river 
is  the  principal  water  course.  Pop.  1840,  1573. 
Toulon  is  the  county  seat. 

Stephenson  Co.  contains  504  sq.  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating,  prairie  and  oak  openings.  Drained  by  Plcka- 
tonica  river.  Pop.  1840,  2,800.  Capital,  Freeport. 

Tazewell  Co.  contains  1,062  sq.  miles;  surface 
undulating,  mostly  prairie,  some  swamps  in  the  south- 
ern part,  soil  wood.  The  Illinois  forms  its  northwest- 
ern boundary.  Mackinaw  and  Sugar  creeks  are  the 
principal  streams.  Pop.  1840,  7,229.  Tremont  is 
the  county  seat. 

Union  Co.  contains  380  sq.  miles ;  surface  hilly, 
some  rich  land  on  the  Mississippi,  which  forms  its 
western  boundary.  Drained  principally  by  Cash 
river  and  Clear  creek^  Pop.  1840,  5,524.  Jones 
boro  is  the  county  seat. 

Vermillion  Co.  contaits  1,000  sq.  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  rich.  Diained  by  Big  and  Little 
Vermillion  rivers.  Pop.  1*40,  9,303.  Danville  is 
the  county  seat. 

Wabash  Co.  contains  190  st^  miles  ;  surface  roll- 
ing, soil  fertile.  The  Wabash  rver  forms  its  eastern, 
and  the  Bon  Pas  its  western  bourrlary.  Pop.  1840, 
4,240.  Mt.  Carmel  is  the  county  seat. 

Warren  Co.  contains  910  sq.  mihs:  surface  un- 
even, principally  prairie  land,  timber  ii>  groves  on  the 
streams.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  western  boundary 
Drained  by  Henderson's  and  west  forY  of  Spoor, 
rivers,  and  Ellison's  and  Honey  creeks.  Pop.  1840. 
6,739.  Monmouth  is  the  county  seat. 


73 

Washington  Co.  contains  580  sq.  miles ;  surface 
level,  prairie  and  woodland.  Drained  by  tributaries 
of  the  Kaskaskia  and  Big  Beaucoup  creeks.  Pop. 
1840,  4,810.  Nashville  is  the  county  seat. 

Wayne  Co.  contains  720  sq.  miles  ;  surface  gen- 
erally  rolling,  timber  predominates.  Streams,  Lit- 
tle Wabash  and  branches.  Pop.  1840,  5,133. 
Fairfield  is  the  county  seat. 

White  Co.  contains  475  sq.  miles ;  surface  various, 
very  little  prairie,  soil  fertile.  The  Wabash  forms 
its  eastern  boundary,  and  the  Little  Wabash  passes 
through  the  county.  Pop.  1840,  7,919.  Carmi  is 
the  county  seat. 

Whiteside  Co.  contains  690  sq.  miles;  surface 
generally  undulating,  nearly  all  prairie,  some 
swamps,  soil  rich.  The  Mississippi  and  Marie  de 
Ogee  form  its  western  boundary.  Rock  and  Little 
Rock  rivers  are  the  principal  streams.  Pop.  1840, 
2,514.  Capital,  Lyndon. 

Will  Co.  contains*  1,154  sq.  miles;  surface  level, 
prairie  land,  with  small  groves  of  timber,  and  many 
small  swamps.  Principal  streams,  Des  Plaines  and 
Kankakee  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  10,167.  Capital, 
Juliet. 

Williamson  Co.  contains  422  sq.  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  good.  Streams,  the  south  fork  of 
Saline  and  Crab  Orchard  creeks,  and  some  small 
branches  of  Muddy  river.  Pop.  1840,  4,457. 
Bainbridge  is  the  county  seat. 

Winnebago  Co.  contains  420  sq.  miles ;  surface 

undulating,  prairie,  with  groves  of  timber,  soil  rich. 

Rock  river  and  tributaries  are  the  water  courses. 

Pop.  1840,  4,609.     Winnebago  is  the  county  seat, 

7 


74  ILLINOIS. 

NEW  COUNTIES  ERECTED  SINCE  THE  CENSUS  OF  1840. 

Grundy  Co.  contains  324  sq.  miles ;  surface  lev- 
el, soil  very  fertile.  The  Illinois  river  passes  cen- 
trally through  it. 

Henderson  Co.  contains  400  sq.  miles ;  surface 
uneven,  principally  prairie  land.  The  Mississippi 
forms  its  western  boundary.  Capital,  Oquawka. 

Kendall  Co.  contains  324  sq.  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating, soil  fertile.  Drained  by  Fox  river  and 
branches.  Capital,  Yorkville. 

Mason  Co.  contains  500  sq.  miles  ;  surface  level, 
soil  fertile.  It  has  the  Illinois  river  on  the  west,  and 
Sangamon  river  on  the  south.  Capital,  Havanna. 

Pratt  Co.  contains  440  sq.  miles ;  surface  level, 
mostly  prairie  land.  Drained  by  Sangamon  river. 
Capital,  Monticello. 

Richland  Co.  contains  324  sq.  miles  ;  surface  lev- 
el. Drained  by  branches  of  Little  W abash  river. 
Capital,  Olney. 

Woodford  Co.  contains  470  sq.  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  fertile.  Drained  by  Mackinaw  creek. 
Capital,  Woodford. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal  commences  on  the  south  fork 
of  Chicago  river,  about  4  miles  south  of  Chicago,  thence  to  the 
valley  of  the  Des  Plaines,  and  down  the  same  and  the  Illinois  riv- 
ers to  Peru  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  Illinois  river. 
Length  100  miles,  18  chains,  and  73  links,  including  the  south 
branch  of  Chicago  river  used  for  the  canal ;  width  60  feet,  depth 
6  feet ;  15  locks.  Amount  of  lockage,  144  10-100th  feet.  Estima- 
ted cost,  $8,500,000. 

Northern  Cross  railroad  completed  from  Springfield  to  Meredo- 
sia  on  the  Illinois  river,  a  distance  of  53  miles. 

Coal  Mine  Bluffs  railroad  extends  6  miles  from  the  Mississippi 
river  to  the  coal  mine. 

The  Central  railroad,  to  commence  at  the  junction  ot  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  rivers,  from  thence  through  Vandalia,  Shelby villc, 
Decatur,  Bloomington,  Peru,  and  Galena. 


MISSOUBI.  75 


MISSOURI. 

THE  State  of  Missouri  is  bounded  north  by  the 
Iowa  Territory  ;  east  by  the  Mississippi  river,  which 
separates  it  from  Illinois  and  Kentucky;  south  by 
the  State  of  Arkansas  ;  and  west  by  the  Indian  Ter- 
ritory and  Missouri  river.  Length  from  north  to 
south  278  miles  ;  mean  breadth  230  miles  ;  contain- 
ing an  area  of  64,140  square  miles. 

Face  of  the  Country,  fyc. — With  the  exception  of 
the  alluvial  bottoms,  Missouri  is  rolling  or  hilly ;  yet 
no  part  rises  to  an  elevation  deserving  the  name  of 
a  mountain.  No  other  state  in  the  union  is  so  greatly 
diversified  as  respects  soil  and  external  features.  The 
south-eastern  corner  is  almost  entirely  alluvial.  A 
range  of  hills  commences  in  St.  Francis  county,  and 
extend  in  a  south-westerly  direction  to  the  southern 
boundary  of  the  state.  Another  range  of  a  larger 
class,  commencing  near  the  Missouri  and  between 
the  waters  of  the  Gasconade  and  Osage,  continues 
through  the  state,  increasing  in  magnitude,  until  far 
within  the  State  of  Arkansas  ;  these  are  termed  the 
Ozark  mountains.  This  ridge  is  frequently  very 
abrupt  near  the  water  courses,  and  often  retir- 
ing from  them,  with  strips  of  rich  alluvial  be- 
tween. In  St.  Francis  county  exists  the  celebra- 
ted "  mountain"  of  micaceous  oxide  of  iron,  which 
has  an  elevation  of  350  feet  above  the  surrounding 
plain,  is  a  mile  and  a  half  across  its  summit,  and 
yields  eighty  per  cent,  pure  metal.  Five  miles 
south  is  another  magnificent  pyramidal  "  moun- 
tain" of  the  micaceous  oxide  of  iron,  known  as  the 


76  MISSOURI, 

Pilot  Knob,  300  feet  high,  and  with  a  base  of  a  mile 
and  a  half  in  circumference.  This  pyramid  is  not 
in  plates,  but  huge  masses  of  several  tons  in  weight, 
yields  also  80  per  cent.  Copper  is  also  found  in 
Missouri,  and  its  inexhaustible  lead  mines  are  well 
known.  The  "  Pine  Ridge,"  in  this  region,  furnishes 
that  lofty  timber  in  abundance  ;  many  of  the  trees 
being  ninety  feet  high,  and  four  feet  in  diameter. 
Washington  county  is  a  perfect  bed  of  metallic  trea- 
sures ;  lead  and  copper,  copperas,  chalk,  black  lead 
and  brimstone,  cornelian  and  other  precious  stones, 
free-stone,  lime-stone,  grind-stone,  and  burr-stone. 
St.  Genevieve  county  has  numerous  quarries  of  mag. 
nificent  marble,  and  vast  caverns  of  beautiful  white 
sand,  resembling  snow,  much  prized  for  the  manufac- 
tory of  flint  glass.  *  "  Throughout  the  mineral  dis- 
trict is  found,  on  searching  the  bowels  of  the  earth 
for  ores,  beds  of  rich,  red,  marl  clay,  which  has  been 
proved  to  be  the  very  best  manure  for  the  soil.  These 
beds  are  inexhaustible  ;  and  some  years  hence,  that 
portion  of  Missouri  which  is  considered  a  sterile, 
mineral  region,  will  be  found  as  fertile  as  any  por- 
tion of  the  state."  Between  the  waters  of  the  Osage 
and  the  Missouri,  is  a  fine  tract  of  country,  celebra- 
ted for  its  fertility,  agreeably  diversified  with  wood- 
land and  prairie,  and  abounding  with  coal,  salt 
springs,  &c.  The  country  north  of  the  Missouri,  is 
emphatically  the  "  Garden  of  the  West."  There  is 
no  part  of  the  globe  where  greater  extent  of  country 
can  be  traversed  more  easily  when  in  its  natural 
state.  It  is  for  the  most  part  a  surface  delightfully 
rolling  and  variegated,  sometimes  rising  into  pictu- 

*  Dr.  Linn. 


MISSOURI.  77 

resque  hills,  then  stretching  far  away  into  a  sea  of 
prairie,  occasionally  interspersed  with  shady  grovea 
and  sparkling  streamlets.  Almost  every  acre  of  this 
fine  region  of  country  is  susceptible  of  agricultural 
improvement,  and  unusually  productive.  The  pro- 
ducts  consist  of  tobacco,  cotton,  hemp,  corn,  wheat, 
rye,  oats,  barley,  and  the  grasses.  All  kinds  of 
garden  vegetables  thrive  well.  Large  quantities  of 
horses,  mules,  horned  cattle,  sheep  and  hogs,  are 
raised  annually  for  exportation. 

Rivers. — The  Mississippi  meanders  along  the  en- 
tire eastern  boundary  of  the  state,  for  a  distance  of 
400  miles,  and  receiving  in  its  course  the  waters  of 
the  Missouri.  Through  the  center  and  the  richest 
part  of  the  state,  the  wild  Missouri  pours  out  its 
never-ceasing  currents,  being  navigable  for  steam- 
boats  far  westward,  for  four  or  five  months  in  the 
year.  The  Lamine,  Osage  and  Gasconade  on  the 
right,  and  the  Grand  and  Chariton  on  the  left,  are 
the  navigable  tributaries  of  the  Missouri.  Salt  river, 
a  navigable  stream,  falls  into  the  Mssissippi  85  miles 
above  the  Missouri.  Merrimac  river,  a  navigable 
stream,  enters  the  Mississippi  18  miles  below  St. 
Louis.  The  White  and  St.  Francis  drain  the  south- 
eastern portion,  and  the  Six  Bulls  and  tributaries  the 
south-western  part  of  the  state. 

The  principal  exports  are  lead  and  furs  A  large 
capital  is  employed  in  the  fur  trade,  on  the  head 
waters  of  the  Missouri. 

Form  of  Government,  <^c. — The  powers  of  govern- 
ment are  divided  into  three  distinct  departments.  The 
legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  "  general  assembly," 
which  consists  of  a  "  Senate"  and  a  "  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives." Elections  are  held  biennially,  as  are 


78  MISSOURI. 

the  ordinary  sessions  of  the  legislature.  Senators 
are  elected  for  four  years. 

The  supreme  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  chief 
magistrate,  who  shall  be  styled  "  The  Governor  of 
the  State  of  Missouri."  Term  of  service,  four  years. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  "  supreme  court," 
"in  circuit  courts,"  and  in  such  inferior  tribunals  as 
the  general  assembly  may,  from  time  to  time,  es- 
tablish. 

Every  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  who  shall  have  resided 
in  the  state  one  year  before  an  election,  and  three 
months  in  the  county  where  he  votes,  is  a  qualified 
elector. 

Enumeration  of  inhabitants  to  be  made  every  four 
years. 

COUNTIES  IN  THE  STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 

Audrain  Co.  contains  440  square  miles ;  surface 
level.  Drained  by  the  south  fork  of  Salt  rivei. 
Pop.  1840,  1,949.  Capital,  Mexico. 

Bates  Co.,  on  the  southwest  border  of  the  state,  con- 
tains  1,160  square  miles.  Capital,  Batesville. 

Barry  Co.  contains  830  square  miles ;  surface 
hilly,  prairie  and  woodland,  soil  generally  good. 
Pop.  1840,  4,795.  Mount  Pleasant  is  the  principal 
town. 

Benton  Co.  contains  1,008  square  miles;  surface 
hilly,  prairie  and  woodland,  soil  rich.  Osage  river 
and  tributaries  are  the  principal  water  courses. 
Pop.  1840,  4,205.  Warsaw  is  the  county  seat. 

Boone  Co.  contains  about  690  square  miles ;  sur- 
face generally  level,  woodland  and  prairie,  soil  rich. 


MISSOURI.  79 

The  Missouri  forms  its  southwestern  boundary,  and 
Cedar  creek  nearly  all  its  eastern.  Drained  by  the 
Roche  Percee  and  Petite  Bonne  Femme  creeks. 
Pop.  1840,  13,561.  Columbia  is  the  county  seat. 

Caldwell  Co.  contains  432  square  miles  ;  surface 
level,  prairie  and  woodland,  soil  good.  Drained  by 
Crooked  river  and  branches  of  Grand  river.  Pop. 
1840, 1,458.  Far  West,  (the  famous  Mormon  city,) 
is  the  county  seat. 

Callaway  Co.  contains  760  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  woodland  and  prairie,  soil  excellent. 
The  Missouri  forms  its  southern  boundary.  Drain- 
ed by  Big  and  Little  Au  Vase  creeks,  and  some  oth- 
er small  streams.  Pop.  1840,  11,765.  Fulton  is 
the  county  seat. 

Cape  Girardeau  Co.  contains  about  864  square 
miles  ;  surface  uneven,  timbered,  soil  rich.  Drain- 
ed by  Whitewater  river,  Apple  and  Crooked  creeks. 
Pop.  1840,  9,359.  Jackson  is  the  county  seat. 

Carroll  Co.  contains  about  700  square  miles ;  sur- 
face generally  rolling,  prairie  and  timbered  land,  soil 
good,  The  Missouri  forms  its  southern,  and  the 
Grand  river  its  eastern  boundary.  Drained  by  the 
Wyaconda  and  branches  of  Grand  river.  Pop.  1840, 
2,423.  Carrollton  is  the  county  seat. 

Chariton  Co.  contains  540  square  miles ;  surface 
gently  undulating,  two- thirds  prairie,  soil  rich.  Mis- 
souri river  forms  the  southern,  and  Grand  river  the 
western  boundary.  Chariton,  East  Chariton,  and 
Muscle  Fork  are  the  principal  water  courses.  Pop. 
1840,  4,746.  Keytesville  is  the  county  seat. 

Clark  Co.  contains  504  square  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating, woodland  and  prairie,  soil  rich.  The  Mis- 
sissippi on  the  east,  and  Des  Moines  river  on  the 


80  MISSOURI. 

northeast.  Drained  by  the  Wyaconda  and  Stinking 
rivers.  Pop.  2,846.  Waterloo  is  the  county  seat. 

Clay  Co.  contains  432  square  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating, prairie  and  timbered  land,  soil  excellent. 
The  Missouri  forms  its  southern  boundary.  Drained 
by  Fishing  and  Little  Platte  rivers.  Pop.  1840, 
8,282.  Liberty  is  the  county  seat. 

Clinton  Co.  contains  425  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  two-thirds  prairie,  soil  very  fertile.  Drained 
by  Little  Platte  and  Turkey  creeks.  Pop.  1840, 
2,724.  Plattsburg  is  the  county  seat. 

Cole  Co.  contains  580  square  miles  ;  surface  hilly 
and  broken,  soil  good  on  the  margin  of  streams. 
The  Missouri  forms  its  northeastern  boundary,  and 
the  Osage  its  southern  for  some  distance.  Drained 
by  *i .-.  Moniteau  and  Moreau  creeks.  Pop.  1840, 
9,286.  Jefferson  city  is  the  county  seat,  and  the 
capital  of  the  state.  It  has  1,175  inhabitants. 

Co<^er  Co.  contains  660  square  miles;  surface 
undulating,  prairie  and  timber  land,  soil  rich ;  salt 
works  on  the  La  Mine  river.  The  Missouri  forms 
its  northern  boundary.  La  Mine  and  Little  Saline 
rivers,  and  Moniteau  creek  are  the  principal  water 
courses.  Pop.  1840, 10,484.  Boonevilleistheco.  seat. 

Crawford  Co.  contains  1,650  square  miles;  surface 
and  soil  various,  abounding  with  iron  ore.  Drained 
by  the  Maramec  river  and  tributaries.  The  Mara- 
mec  iron  works  is  situated  near  a  large  spring  that 
issues  30,000  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute.  Pop. 
1840,  3,561.  Steelville  is  the  county  seat. 

Daviess  Co.  contains  576  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  prairie  predominates,  soil  good.  Long 
Branch  of  Grand  river  is  the  principal  stream.  Pop. 
1840,  2,736.  Gallatin  is  the  county  seat. 


MISSOURI  81 

Franklin  Co.  contains  850  square  miles ;  surface 
rather  hilly,  soil  various,  some  lead  ore.  The  Mis- 
souri  forms  its  northern  boundary,  and  the  Merrimac 
passes  through  the  county.  Pop.  1840,  7,515. 
Union  is  the  county  seat. 

Gasconade  Co.  contains  400  square  miles  ;  surface 
uneven  and  broken,  soil  very  fertile  on  the  margin 
of  streams;  iron  ore,  sulphur  and  saltpetre  abound. 
The  Missouri  forms  its  northern  boundary,  and  the 
Gasconade  passes  through  the  county,  and  falls  into 
the  Missouri  river.  Pop.' 1840,  5,330.  Mt.  Ster- 
ling is  the  county  seat. 

Greene  Co.  contains  1,000  square  miles ;  surface 
hilly,  much  good  land,  with  a  fair  proportion  of 
prairie  and  timber.  Drained  by  branches  of  the 
Osage  and  White  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  5,372.  Spring- 
field is  the  county  seat,  situated  in  a  prairie  on  the 
top  of  the  Ozark  hill  or  mountain. 

Howard  Co.  contains  399  square  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating, soil  rich,  woodland,  some  small  prairies,  and 
some  excellent  salt  springs.  The  Missouri  forms  its 
southwestern  boundary.  Drained  by  Bonne  Femme 
and  Great  Moniteau  creeks,  good  mill  streams,  and 
Richland  creek.  Pop.  1840,  13,108.  Fayette  is 
the  county  seat. 

Jackson  Co.  contains  650  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  timber  and  prairie  lands,  soil  excellent. 
The  Missouri  forms  its  northern  boundary.  Drained 
by  the  Big  and  Little  Blue  rivers,  and  Fire  Prairie 
creek.  Pop.  1840,  7,612.  Independence  is  the 
county  seat. 

Jefferson  Co.  contains  about  590  square  miles ; 
surface  hilly  and  broken,  soil  various  ;  minerals  and 
springs  abound.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  eastern 


82  MISSOURI. 

boundary,  and  the  Maramec  a  part  of  its  northern 
boundary.  Drained  by  Big  river  and  Joachin  creek, 
fine  mill  streams.  Pop.  1840,  4,296.  Hillsboro' 
is  the  county  seat. 

Johnson  Co.  contains  785  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  prairie  predominates,  soil  very  excellent. 
Drained  by  the  Blackwater,  and  tributaries  of  the 
Osage  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  3,433.  Warrensburg  is 
the  county  seat. 

La  Fayette  Co.  contains  730  square  miles ;  sur- 
face gently  undulating,  prairie  and  groves  of  timber, 
soil  very  rich.  The  Missouri  river  forms  its  north- 
ern boundary.  Drained  by  several  mill  streams. 
Pop.  1840,  6,815.  Lexington  is  the  county  seat. 

Lewis  Co.  contains  500  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  prairie  and  timber  land,  soil  very  fertile. 
The  Mississippi  forms  its  eastern  boundary.  Drain- 
ed by  the  Fabius  and  Wyaconda  rivers.  Pop.  1840, 
6,040.  Waterloo  is  the  county  seat. 

Lincoln  Co.  contains  540  square  miles  ;  surface 
various,  timber  and  prairie,  soil  generally  good.  The 
Mississippi  forms  its  eastern  boundary.  Principal 
streams,  river  Au  Cuivre  and  branches.  Pop.  1840, 
7,449.  Troy  is  the  county  seat. 

Livingston  Co.  contains  510  square  miles;  sur- 
face level,  soil  first  rate.  Grand  river  and  branches 
are  the  water  courses.  Pop.  1840,  4,325.  Cliilli- 
cothe  is  the  county  seat. 

Madison  Co.  contains  about  780  square  miles; 
surface  uneven,  abounding  in  copper,  lead,  and  iron 
ores.  Drained  by  the  St.  Francis  river  and  Castor 
creek.  Pop.  1840,  3,395.  Fredericktown  is  the 
county  seat. 

Mueon  Co.  contains  972  square  miles ;  surface 


MISSOURI.  83 

undulating  prairies,  interspersed  with  groves  of  tim- 
ber, soil  first  rate.  Principal  streams,  Grand,  Chari- 
ton,  and  Salt  rivers.  Woodville  is  the  principal  town. 

Marion  Co.  contains  425  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  prairie  and  woodland,  soil  very  rich. 
"Streams  are  the  Fabius  river,  and  the  North  and 
South  rivers.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  eastern 
boundary.  Pop.  1840,  9,623.  Palmyra  is  the 
county  seat. 

Miller  Co.  contains  560  square  miles ;  surface 
uneven,  soil  good  on  the  margin  of  streams.  The 
Osage  river  passes  through  this  county.  Pop.  1840, 
2,282.  Tuscumbia  is  the  county  seat. 

Monroe  Co.  contains  744  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  one-third  prairie,  soil  good.  Salt  river 
and  branches  are  the  water  courses.  Pop.  1840, 
9,505.  Paris  is  the  county  seat. 

Montgomery  Co.  contains  576  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face undulating,  woodland  and  prairie,  soil  in  some 
parts  good,  in  others  thin.  Drained  by  the  river  Au 
Cuivre  and  .Loutre  creeks.  Pop.  1840,  4,371.  Dan- 
ville is  the  county  seat. 

Morgan  Co.  contains  1,000  square  miles ;  surface 
various,  prairie  and  woodland,  some  minerals,  soil 
very  good  on  margin  of  streams.  The  south  fork 
of  river  La  Mine,  Moreau  creek,  and  some  small 
branches  of  the  Osage  river  drain  its  surface.  Pop. 
1840,  4,407.  Versailles  is  the  county  seat. 

New  Madrid  Co.  contains  about  1,260  square 
miles  ;  surface  level,  soil  rich  alluvion,  large  amount 
of  sunken  lands  by  the  earthquakes  of  1811  and 
1812.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  eastern  boundary 
and  Whitewater  and  St.  John's  drain  its  surface. 
Pop.  1840,  4,554.  New  Madrid  is  the  county  seat. 


84  MISSOURI. 

Perry  Co.  contains  400  square  miles;  surface 
various,  soil  on  the  bottoms  first  rate ;  minerals,  lead 
and  iron.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  northeastern 
boundary.  Drained  by  several  fine  mill  streams. 
Pop.  1840,  5,760.  Perrysville  is  the  county  seat. 

Pettis  Co.  contains  600  square  miles ;  surface  roll- 
ing. The  settlements  are  in  the  groves,  which  are 
only  where  there  is  a  water  course,  and  which  are 
divided  by  prairies,  wide  and  extensive,  soil  first  rate. 
Drained  by  branches  of  the  river  La  Mine.  Pop. 
1840,  2,930.  Georgetown  is  the  county  seat. 

Pike  Co.  contains  650  square  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating, one-third  prairie,  soil  good.  Salt  river  and 
river  Au  Cuivre  are  the  principal  water  courses. 
The  Mississippi  forms  its  eastern  boundary.  Pop. 
1840,  10,646.  Bowling  Green  is  the  county  seat. 

The  Plalte  Country  is  all  that  portion  of  the  state 
between  a  line  due  north  from  the  junction  of  the 
Missouri  and  Kansas  rivers ;  surface  undulating, 
soil  first  rate,  prairie  and  timber  land. 

Polk  Co.  contains  about  1,670  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face undulating,  prairie  and  timber,  soil  good.  Drain- 
ed by  Big  Pomme  de  Terre,  Niaugua,  and  Sac  rivers. 
Pop.  1840,  8,449.  Bolivar  is  the  county  seat. 

Pulaski  Co.  contains  1,332  square  miles ;  surface 
hilly,  timber  and  prairie,  soil  good.  Drained  by  the 
head  waters  of  the  Gasconade,  and  branches  of  th« 
Osage  river.  Pop.  1840,  6,529.  Waynesville  is 
the  county  seat. 

Rails  Co.  contains  about  640  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  largest  proportion  timber,  soil  generally 
good.  The  Mississippi  forms  part  of  its  eastern  boun- 
dary, and  Salt  river  passes  through  the  county.  Pop. 
1840, 5,670.  New  London  is  the  county  seat. 


MISSOURI.  85 

Randolph  Co.  contains  450  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  woodland  and  prairie,  soil  gpod.  Principal 
streams,  east  fork*  of  Chariton  and  Silver  creeks. 
Pop.  1840,  7,198.  Huntsville  is  the  county  seat. 

Ray  Co.  contains  425  square  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating,  timber  and  prairie  land,  soil  good.  The 
Missouri  forms  its  southern  boundary.  Crooked 
river  drains  its  surface.  Pop.  1840,  6,553.  Rich- 
mond is  the  county  seat. 

Ripley  Co.  contains  over  4,000  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face hilly,  good  soil  on  the  streams.  Drained  by  Big 
Black,  and  Current  and  Eleven  Point  rivers.  Pop. 
1840,  '2,856.  Van  Buren  is  the  county  seat. 

Rives  Co.  contains  792  square  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating, timber  and  prairie,  soil  rich.  Principal 
streams,  Grand  river  and  branches.  Name  changed 
to  Henry. 

Saline  Co.  contains  740  square  miles  ;  surface  un- 
dulating, principally  prairie  land,  soil  good.  Coal 
and  iron  ore  exists,  and  numerous  salt  springs. 
The  Missouri  forms  its  eastern  and  northern  boun- 
dary. Principal  streams,  La  Mine  river  and  branch- 
es. Pop.  1840,  5,258.  Jonesboro  is  the  county 
seat. 

St.  Charles  Co.  contains  460  square  miles ;  surface 
various,  the  level  bottoms  and  prairies  have  a  very 
rich  soil.  The  Missouri  forms  its  southern,  and 
the  Mississippi  and  river  Cuivre  its  northern  boun- 
dary. Pop.  1840,  7,911.  St.  Charles  is  the  coun- 
ty seat,  and  the  second  town  in  size  and  population 
in  the  state. 

St.  Francis  Co.  contains  425  square  miles ;  sur- 
face hilly,  soil  generally  good,  iron  ore  exists. 
Drained  bv  the  St.  Francis,  Big  and  Establishment 
8 


86  MISSOURI. 

rivers.  Pop.  1840,  3,211.  Farminglon  is  the  county 
seat. 

St.  Genevieve  Co.  contains  400  square  miles ; 
surface  rolling  and  broken,  bottoms  rich,  upland 
second  rate.  Copper,  lead,  and  iron  ore  exist.  Au 
Vase  and  Establishment  rivers,  and  Coldvvater  creek 
drain  its  surface.  Pop.  1840,  3,148.  St.  Genevieve 
is  the  county  seat,  and  one  of  the  oldest  settlements 
in  the  state. 

St.  Louis  Co.  contains  about  550  square  miles; 
surface  undulating,  a  large  proportion  of  first  rate 
land.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  southeastern,  the 
Missouri  its  northwestern,  and  the  Maramec  the 
most  part  of  its  southern  boundary.  Drained  by 
several  small  streams.  Pop.  1840,  35,979.  St.  Louis, 
the  county  seat,  an  incorporated  city,  is  situated  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  20  miles  below  the 
influx  of  the  Missouri.  "  It  occupies  a  plain,  which, 
rising  gently  at  an  angle  of  about  two  and  a  half  de« 
grees  to  a  distance  of  six  hundred  yards  from  the  riv- 
er, terminates  in  a  horizontal  plane,  which  extends 
far  to  the  west,  north  and  south."  The  city  is  built 
entirely  over  a  substratum  of  limestone,  which  runs 
from  the  bed  of  the  river  along  the  whole  eastern 
front  of  the  city,  and  for  several  miles  above  and  be- 
low and  back  into  the  interior,  to  a  great  distance. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  a  hospital,  an  orphan  asy- 
lum, eight  churches,  two  market-houses,  a  nunnery, 
an  academy,  a  museum,  a  theater,  and  16,469  in- 
habitants. St.  Louis  is.  the  great  depot  of  the 
country  west  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  shores  of  the 
Pacific.  Steam  vessels  ply  almost  daily  between 
New  Orleans,  Pittsburg,  and  the  intermediate  places 
on  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers,  northerly  on  the 


M1SSU0IU.  87 

Upper  Mississippi,  and  westerly  on  the  Missouri  riv- 
er. St.  Louis  is  situated  856  miles  west  of  Wash- 
ington city,  134  miles  east  of  Jefferson  city,  and 
1,800  miles  above  New  Orleans. 

Scott  Co.  contains  about  800  square  miles ;  sur- 
face various,  soil,  a  great  proportion,  exceedingly 
rich.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  entire  eastern  boun- 
dary. Pop.  1840,  5,974.  Benton  is  the  county 
seat. 

Shelby  Co.  contains  about  432  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face level,  prairie  and  timber,  soil  good.  Coal  banks 
on  Salt  river.  The  water  courses  are  the  North 
river  and  Salt  river.  Pop.  1840,  3,056.  Shelby- 
ville  is  the  county  seat. 

Stoddard  Co.  contains  about  900  square  miles ; 
surface,  in  the  northern  part,  broken  ;  southern  part, 
level,  prairies  and  extensive  swamps.  The  St. 
Francis  river  forms  its  western  boundary,  and  the 
Great  Swamp  on  the  easteVn.  Pop.  1840,  3,153. 
Bloomfield  is  the  county  seat. 

Taney  Co.  occupies  a  large  and  partly  unsurveyed 
region  on  the  southern  border  of  the  state  ;  surface 
hilly  and  broken,  soil  fertile.  Pop.  1840,  2,264. 
Drained  by  White  river  and  tributaries. 

Van  Buren  Co.  contains  648  square  miles;  sur- 
face undulating,  two-thirds  prairie.  Principal  streams, 
Grand  river  and  Big  creek.  Pop.  1840,  4,693. 
Harrisonville  is  the  county  seat. 

Warren  Co.  contains  350  square  miles ;  surface 
various,  soil,  on  the  bottoms,  first  rate,  in  northern 
part,  good.  The  Missouri  river  forms  its  southern 
boundary.  Drained  by  several  small  streams.  Pop. 
1840,  4,253.  Warrenton  is  the  county  seat. 

Washington  Co.  contains  820  square  miles ;  sur- 


88  MISSOURI. 

face  generally  hilly  and  broken,  soil,  in  some  parts, 
good.  Minerals,  iron,  lead,  silver,  copper,  copperas, 
chalk,  black  lead,  &c.  Big  river  and  tributaries 
afford  many  fine  mill  sites,  and  the  head  branches 
of  Big,  Black,  and  St.  Francis,  drain  its  surface. 
Pop.  1840,  7,231.  Potosi  is  the  county  seat. 

Wayne  Co.  contains  1,180  square  miles;  surface 
various,  soil  generally  good.  Principal  streams, 
Big,  Black,  and  St.  Francis  rivers.  Pop.  1840, 
8,403.  Greenville  is  the  county  seat. 

NEW  COUNTIES. 

Adair  Co.  contains  567  square  miles.  Drained 
principally  by  Chariton  river.  Capital,  Hopkinsville. 

Andrew  Co.  contains  475  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  fertile.  It  has  the  Mississippi  river 
on  the  west.  Drained  by  Platte  and  102  rivers. 
Savannah  is  the  county*seat. 

Buchanan  Co.  contains  800  square  miles  ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  very  fertile.  The  Mississippi  forms 
its  western  boundary.  Drained  by  Little  Platte  riv- 
er. Pop.  1840,  6,237.  Sparta  is  the  county  seat. 

Dade  Co.  contains  960  square  miles  ;  surface  un- 
dulating, soil  fertile.  Drained  by  Pomme  de  Terre 
river.  Capital,  Greenfield. 

Grundy  Co.  contains  410  square  miles;  surface 
level,  soil  rich,  prairie  land.  Drained  by  east  fork 
of  Grand  river.  Capital,  Trenton. 

Henry  Co.  contains  792  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  fertile,  principally  prairie.  Streams, 
Grand  river  and  branches.  Pop.  1840,  4,726. 
Capital,  Clinton. 

Holt  Co.,  situated  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the 


MISSOURI.  OV 

state.  Drained  by  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi,  which 
ibrms  its  southwestern  boundary.     Capital,  Oregon. 

Jasper  Co.  contains  980  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  fertile.  Drained  by  Neosho  river 
Capital,  Jasper. 

Kinderhook  Co.  contains  520  square  miles.  Drain 
ed  by  Osage  river.  Capital,  Oregon. 

Linn  Co.  contains  588  square  miles  ;  surface  un- 
dulating, soil  fertile.  Drained  by  Locust  and  Yel- 
low creeks.  Pop.  1840,  2,245.  Capital,  Linneus. 

Niangua  Co.  contains  576  square  miles.  Drain- 
ed by  Niangua  river.  Capital,  Buffalo  Head. 

Newton  Co.  contains  1,150  square  miles;  surface 
level,  soil  very  fertile.  Drained  by  branches  of 
Neosho  river.  Capital,  Neosho. 

Oregon  Co.  contains  1,600  square  miles.  Drain- 
ed by  Eleven  Points  river.  Capital,  Oregon  C.  H. 

Osage  Co.  contains  860  square  miles.  It  has-  the 
Missouri  river  on  the  north.  Drained  by  Gasconade 
and  Osage  rivers.  Capital,  Alexander. 

Ozark  Co.  contains  1,200  square  miles.  Drained 
by  White  river.  Capital,  Ozark  C.  H.> 

Platte  Co.  contains  420  square  miles.  Drained 
by  Little  Platte  river.  Capital,  Platte  city. 

Shannon  Co.  contains  2,400  square  miles.  Drain- 
ed by  Big,  Black,  and  Current  rivers.  Capital, 
Shannon  C.  H. 

Scotland  Co.  contains  936  square  miles.  Drained 
by  Fabius,  Salt,  and  Wyaconda  rivers.  Capital, 
Edina. 

Taney  Co.  contains  1,426  square  miles.  Drained 
by  White  river.  Pop.  1840,  2,264.  Capital,  Forsyth. 

Wright  Co.  contains  1,730  square  miles.     Drain- 
ed  by  Gasconade  river.     Capital,  Hartsville. 
8* 


00  MICHIGAN. 


MICHIGAN. 

THE  State  of  Michigan  is  composed  of  two  Penin- 
sulas, formed  by  the  great  lakes  Superior,  Michigan, 
Huron,  and  Erie.  Its  boundaries  are  thus  establish- 
ed by  an  act  of  Congress.  "  Beginning  at  the  point 
where  a  line,  drawn  direct  from  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Lake  Michigan  to  the  most  northerly  cape 
of  Maumee  Bay,  intersects  the  eastern  boundary  line 
of  the  State  of  Indiana,  and  running  thence  with  the 
said  line  to  the  said  most  northerly  cape  of  the 
Maumee  Bay ;  and  thence  from  the  said  north  cape 
of  the  said  bay,  north-east  to  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  the  province  of  Upper 
Canada  ;  thence,  with  said  boundary  line  through  the 
Detroit  river,  Lake  Huron,  and  Lake  Superior,  to  a 
point  where  the  said  line  last  touches  Lake  Superior 
(being  the  mouth  of  Pigeon  river) ;  thence  in  a  direct 
line  through  Lake  Superior,  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Montreal  river ;  thence,  through  the  main  channel 
of  the  said  river  Montreal,  to  the  middle  of  the  Lake 
of  the  Desert ;  thence  in  a  direct  line  to  the  nearest 
head  water  of  the  Monomonie  river  ;  thence,  through 
the  middle  of  that  fork  of  the  said  river  first  touched 
by  said  line,  to  the  main  channel  of  the  said  Mono- 
monie river ;  thence  down  the  center  of  the  main 
channel  of  the  same,  to  the  center  of  the  most  usual 
ship  channel  of  the  Green  Bay  of  Lake  Michigan  ; 
thence  through  the  center  of  the  most  usual  ship 
channel  of  the  said  bay,  to  the  middle  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan ;  thence  through  the  middle  of  Lake  Michigan, 
to  the  northern  boundary  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  as 
that  line  was  established  by  the  act  of  Congress  of 


MICHIGAN.  91 

the  nineteenth  of  April,  1816  ;  thence,  due  east  with 
the  north  boundary  line  of  the  state  of  Indiana,  to 
the  north-east  corner  thereof ;  and  thence  south,  with 
the  east  boundary  line  of  Indiana,  to  the  place  of  be- 
ginning." 

Face  of  the  Country,  fyc. — The  surface  of  the 
lower  01  southern  peninsula  is  generally  level,  hav- 
ing very  few  elevations  which  may  be  termed  hills. 
The  interior  is  gently  undulating,  rising  gradually 
from  the  lakes  to  the  center  of  the  peninsula,  and  is 
mostly  covered  with  fine  forests  of  timber,  inter- 
spersed with  "oak  openings,"  "plains,"  and  beau- 
tiful "  prairies."  Along  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan,  are  sand  hills,  thrown  by  the  winds  into 
innumerable  fantastic  forms,  sometimes  covered  with 
stinted  trees  and  scanty  vegetation,  but  most  general- 
ly bare  ;  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Huron,  are  some  high 
sand  cliffs.  The  point  formed  by  Lake  Huron  and 
Saginaw  Bay  is  generally  low  and  swampy. 

The  forest  trees  are  the  same  as  in  Ohio,  with  the 
addition  of  white  and  yellow  pine ;  fruit  trees  pro- 
duce abundantly. 

The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  wheat,  rye,  oats,  bar- 
ley, flax,  hemp,  Indian  corn,  buck-wheat,  &c.  All 
kinds  of  garden  vegetables,  and  the  various  species 
of  grasses,  thrive  well. 

Rivers. — The  southern-  peninsula  of  Michigan  is 
drained  by  several  large  rivers  and  numerous  smaller 
streams,  which  rise  near  the  center  and  pass  off  in  an 
easterly  and  westerly  direction,  with  the  exception  of 
the  Cheboigan  and  three  or  four  smaller  streams,  which 
flow  in  a  northerly  direction  ;  the  larger  streams  are 
navigable  for  boats  and  canoes  nearly  to  their  sources. 
Raisin  and  Huron  rivers  flow  into  Lake  Erie,  Rouge 


92  MICHIGAN. 

into  the  Detroit  strait,  Clinton,  St.  Glair,  and  Black 
river  into  the  lake  and  strait  of  St.  Clair  Saginaw 
river,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Tittibawassee, 
Hare,  Shiawassee,  Flint  and  Cass  rivers,  enters  into 
Saginaw  Bay.  Thunder  Bay  river  and  Cheboigan, 
with  several  smaller  streams,  flow  into  the  northern 
part  of  Lake  Huron.  St.  Joseph,  Kalamazoo,  Grand 
and  Maskego  rivers,  and  several  smaller  streams, 
flow  in  a  westerly  direction  into  Lake  Michigan. 
The  counties  of  Oakland,  Livingston,  Washtenaw, 
Barry,  Jackson  and  Kalamazoo,  abound  with  small 
clear  lakes,  from  which  are  taken  great  quantities 
of  fish  of  various  kinds,  and  of  most  exquisite  flavor. 
The  Northern  Peninsula. — *l<  The  entire  area  com- 
prehended within  the  state  limits  west  of  lakes  Mi- 
chigan  and  Huron,  cannot  be  stated  with  accuracy 
in  the  present  ujisurveyed  condition  of  the  country ; 
but  it  cannot,  if  I  have  used  proper  data,  vary  greatly 
from  twenty-two  millions  of  acres."  "  Portions  of 
it  are  the  mere  development  of  sublime  scenery,  which 
appertains  to  that  comparatively  elevated  portion  of 
the  continent.  Mountains  and  lakes,  plains,  rivers 
and  forests,  spread  over  it  with  a  boldness  of  outline, 
which  may  be  said  to  constitute  almost  a  peculiar 
type  in  North  American  geography.  This  division 
embraces  the  mineral  district  of  the  region.  Much 
of  it  falls  under  the  influence  of  causes  which  render 
it  of  little  or  no  value  in  an  agricultural  point  of 
view  :  but  it  may  be  regarded  as  the  seat  of  future 
mineral  operations.  Accuracy,  with  respect  to  the 
extent  of  either  kind  of  soil,  either  in  acres  or  miles, 
must  be  the  result  of  explanation  and  survey.  The 

«  Schoolcraft. 


MICHIGAN.  93 

northern  shores  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Huron,  as  far 
as  Point  Detour,  are  exclusively  limestone,  where 
rock  is  at  all  visible,  and  this  rock  is  characterised 
by  the  usual  indications  of  gypsum  and  brine  springs. 
The  growth  of  trees  in  the  newly  acquired  boundary 
is  as  various  as  the  soils,  and  is,  in  general,  an  accu- 
rate index  of  its  fertility.  The  sugar  maple  is  inter- 
spersed  throughout  the  tract,  being  separated  by  the 
sand  plains,  the  mountain  masses,  and  by  tracts  of 
spruce  lands.  This  tree  forms,  however,  so  consi- 
derable a  proportion  of  the  growth,  that  the  natives 
can  always,  by  a  timely  removal  of  their  camps,  rely 
on  the  manufacture  of  sugar.  The  beech  tree  is  found 
as  far  north  as  Point  Iroquois,  at  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Superior.  I  regard  the  white  oak,  however,  as  a  surer 
test  of  soil  and  climate  together,  than  any  other  of 
our  forest  trees.  I  doubt  whether  this  tree  ever  attains 
its  full  size  in  a  climate  that  is  not  decidedly  con- 
genial to  agriculture.  The  rock  maple  and  red  oak 
are  found,  at  intervals,  throughout  the  north-west ;  I 
have  seen  both  species  at  the  sources  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, but  have  not  observed  the  beech  north  of  the 
locality  mentioned,  nor  the  white  oak  north  of  the 
straits  of  Mackinac.  The  interior  abounds  in  minor 
lakes,  and  enjoys  a  singular  advantage  of  inter-com- 
munication by  its  streams  and  portages.  The  areas 
included  between  the  three  great  lakes  north  of 
Mackinac,  which  will  probably  hereafter  be  denomi- 
nated the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan,  embraces 
the  present  settlements  at  Mackinac  and  Sault  St. 
Marie.  Taking  the  whole  extent  of  the  annexed  ter- 
ritory from  Menomonee  river,  following  the  curves 
of  the  coast  to  the  north-west  limits  of  the  state  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Moniaw  or  Montreal  river  <if  Lake 


94  MICHIGAN. 

Superior,  it  affords  not  less  than  720  miles  of  addi. 
tional  coast  navigation  ;  and  embraces,  in  this  dis- 
tance, several  large  bays  and  excellent  harbors. 
About  forty  large  and  some  sixty  small  streams  dis- 
charge their  waters  into  the  three  lakes  constituting 
portions  of  the  boundary." 

Form  of  Government,  fyc. — The  powers  of  govern- 
ment are  divided  into  three  distinct  departments  ;  the 
legislative,  the  executive,  and  the  judicial. 

The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives.  Senators  chosen  every 
two  years.  Representatives  annually. 

The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  governor. 
Term  of  service  two  years. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  supreme  court, 
and  such  other  courts  as  the  legislature  jnay  from 
time  to  time  establish. 

Every  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  having  resided  in  the  state 
six  months  preceding  an  election,  is  a  qualified 
elector. 

COUNTIES  IN  THE  STATE  OF  MICHIGAN. 

Allegan  Co.  contains  835  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  good.  Principal  streams,  Kalamazoo, 
Black,  arid  Rabbit  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  1,783.  Al- 
legan is  the  county  seat. 

Arenac  Co.  contains  400  square  miles ;  on  the 
north  of  Saginaw  Bay,  (unorganized.) 

Barry  Co.  contains  576  square  miles.  Principal 
stream,  Thornapple  river,  many  small  lakes  scatter- 
ed over  its  surface.  Pop.  1840, 1,078.  Hastings  is 
the  county  seat. 


MICHIGAN.  95 

Berrien  Co.  contains  560  square  miles ;  surface 
gently  undulating,  timbered  land,  soil  first  rate.  Lake 
Michigan  forms  its  northwestern  boundary,  and  the 
St.  Joseph  river  passes  through  it  in  a  northerly  di- 
rection to  Lake  Michigan.  Galien  and  Paw-paw 
are  small  streams.  Pop.  1840,5,011.  St.  Josephs 
is  the  county  seat. 

Branch  Co.  contains  510  square  miles.  Drained 
by  the  St.  Josephs  and  tributaries.  Pop.  1840,  5,011. 
Branch  is  the  county  seat. 

Calhoun  Co.  contains  720  square  miles  ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  good.  Principal  streams,  Kalamazoo 
and  St.  Josephs  and  their  branches.  Pop.  1840, 
10,599.  Marshall  is  the  county  seat. 

Cass  Co.  contains  505  square  miles  ;  surface  level, 
soil  first  rate,  prairie  and  oak  openings.  Christiana, 
Dowagiake,  and  St.  Josephs  rivers  are  the  princi- 
pal streams,  checkered  with  many  small  lakes. 
Pop.  1840,  5,710.  Cassopolis  is  the  county  seat. 

Chippewa  Co.  contains  7,500  square  miles;  sur- 
face generally  mountainous.  Pop.  1840,  534. 
Sault  de  St.  Marie  is  the  county  seat. 

Clinton  Co.  contains  476  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  good.  Streams,  Grand,  Looking  Glass, 
and  Maple  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  1.614.  Capital,  De 
Witt. 

Eaton  Co.  contains  576  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  generally  timbered,  soil  fertile.  Streams, 
Grand  and  Thornapple  rivers,  and  Battle  creek. 
Pop.  1840,  2,379.  Capital,  Charlotte. 

Genesee  Co.  contains  504  square  miles ;  surface 
rolling,  soil  good.  Watered  by  the  Flint  and  Shi. 
awassee  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  4,268.  Flint  is  the 
county  seat. 


96  MICHIGAN. 

Gladwin  Co.  contains  576  square  miles.  The 
Tittibawassee  rjver  is  the  principal  water  course, 
(unorganized.) 

Gratiot  Co.  contains  576  square  miles.  Drained 
by  Maple  and  Pine  rivers,  and  Beaver  Dam  creek, 
(unorganized.) 

Hillsdale  Co.  contains  600  square  miles  ;  surface 
generally  hilly*  timbered  and  oak  openings,  «oil  very 
rich.  Drained  by  the  St.  Josephs,  Kalamazoo,  and 
the  St.  Josephs  of  the  Maumee  river.  Pop.  1840, 
7,240.  Jonesville  is  the  county  seat. 

Ingham'Co.  contains  565  square  miles;  surface 
level,  generally  timbered.  Principal  streams,  are  the 
Grand  and  Red  Cedar  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  2,498. 
The  county  seat  is  Vevay,  located  near  the  centre 
of  the  county. 

Ionia  Co.  contains  576  square  miles  ;  surface  un- 
dulating, and  mostly  timbered,  soil  excellent.  Grand 
and  Maple  rivers  are  the  principal  streams.  Pop. 
1840,  1,923.  Ionia  is  the  county  seat. 

losco  Co.  contains  about  800  square  miles  ;  bound- 
ed northwesterly  by  Saginaw  bay,  and  northeaster. 
ly  by  Lake  Huron.  Zappapoie  and  Black  rivers 
are  the  principal  streams,  (unorganized.) 

Isabella  Co.  contains  576  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  good.  Chippewa  river  is  the  principal 
stream,  (unorganized.) 

Jackson  Co.  contains  720  square  miles ;  surface 
rather  hilly,  oak  openings  and  timbered,  soil  good. 
Drained  by  the  head  branches  of  the  Grand,  Kala- 
mazoo, and  Raisin  rivers,  interspersed  with  numerous 
beautiful  lakes.  Pop.  1840,  13,130.  Jackson  is 
the  county  seat. 

Kalamazoo  Co.  contains  576  square  miles ;  sur. 


MICHIGAN.  97 

face  level,  limber  and  prairie,  soil  very  rich.  Kala- 
mazoo  and  Portage  rivers  are  the  principal  water 
courses.  Pop.  1840,  7,380.  Kalamazoo  is  the 
county  seat. 

Kent  Co.  contains  576  square  miles  ;  surface  roll- 
ing and  broken,  soil  fertile.  Grand,  Thornapple,  and 
Rouge  rivers  are  the  principal  streams.  Pop.  1840, 
2,587.  Grand  Rapids  is  the  county  seat. 

La  Peer  Co.  contains  828  square  miles  ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  rich.  Drained  by  the  Flint  river 
and  branches,  Belle  river  and  Mill  creek.  Pop. 
1840,  4,265.  La  Peer  is  the  county  seat. 

Lenawee  Co.  contains  536  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  generally  timbered,  soil  very  fertile. 
Drained  by  the  river  Raisin  and  branches,  and  Tif- 
fin's river.  Pop.  1840,  17,889.  Adrian  is  the 
county  seat. 

Livingston  Co.  contains  576  square  miles ;  surface 
gently  undulating,  soil  rich.  Drained  by  the  Huron, 
Red  Cedar,  and  Shiawassee  rivers.  Pop.  1840, 
7,430.  Howell  is  the  county  seat. 

Mackinac  Co.  occupies  a  large  portion  of  both 
peninsulas,  and  the  islands  of  Mackinac,  Bois  Blanc, 
Drummond's,  and  several  others — surface  various. 
Pop.  1840,  923.  Mackinac  is  the  county  seat. 

Macomb  Co.  contains  456  square  miles ;  surface 
generally  undulating,  soil  first  rate.  Clinton  river 
and  branches,  and  Saline  river  are  the  principal 
water  courses.  Pop.  1840,  9,716.  Mt.  Clemens  is 
the  county  seat. 

Midland  Co.  contains  560  square  miles  ;  principal 
stream,  Titibawassee  and  branches.  Midland  is  the 
located  county  seat. 

Monroe  Co.  contains  540  square  miles ;  surface 
9 


99  MICHIGAN. 

level,  soil  rich.  Streams,  Raisin  river,  Bay,  Otter, 
Plum,  Sandy,  and  Stoney  and  Swan  creeks.  Lake 
Erie  forms  its  southeastern  boundary.  Pop.  1840, 
9,922.  Monroe  is  the  county  seat. 

Montcalm  Co.  contains  576  square  miles  ;  surface 
level,  soil  good.  Principal  stream,  Flat  river,  (un- 
organized.) 

Oakland  Co.  contains  720  square  miles ;  surface 
rolling,  soil  good.  Principal  streams,  Huron  and 
Rouge  rivers  and  branches.  Drained  by  the  head 
waters  of  Clinton,  Huron,  Flint,  and  Rouge  and  Shi- 
awassee  rivers.  There  are  numerous  small  lakes 
scattered  over  the  county,  forming  pleasing  scenes 
of  freshness  and  beauty.  Pop.  1840,  23,646.  Pon- 
tiac  is  the  county  seat. 

Oceana  Co.  contains  956  square  miles.  Maske- 
go  and  Rouge  rivers  are  the  principal  streams,  (un- 
organized.) Pop.  1840,  496. 

Ottawa  Co.  contains  about  700  square  miles ;  sur- 
face  generally  rolling,  with  sand  bluffs  on  the  lake 
shore,  soil  fertile.  Lake  Michigan  forms  its  western 
boundary,  and  Grand  river  passes  through  the  county 
in  a  westerly  direction.  Pop.  1840,  208.  Grand 
Haven  is  the  county  seat. 

Saginaw  Co.  contains  about  100  square  miles ; 
surface  level,  soil  fertile.  Principal  streams,  Sagi- 
naw river  and  tributaries.  Pop.  1840,  892.  Sagi 
naw  is  the  county  seat. 

Sanilac  Co.  contains  about  730  square  miles. 
Lake  Huron  forms  its  eastern  boundary.  Drained 
by  Cass  and  Dulude  rivers,  (unorganized.) 

Shiawassee  Co.  contains  about  430  square  miles ; 
surface  generally  lev.el,  soil  fertile.     Looking  Glass, 
j  and  Shiawassee  rivers,  are  the  principal  wa 


MICHIGAN.  99 

ter  courses.     Pop.  1840,  2,103.      Corunna  is  the 
county  seat. 

St.  Clair  Co.  contains  about  930  square  miles ; 
surface  undulating,  soil  fertile.  Lake  Huron  and  St. 
Clair  strait  form  its  eastern  boundary.  Black,  Belle, 
and  Pine  rivers  are  the  principal  streams.  Pop. 
1840,  1,606. 

St.  Joseph  Co.  contains  510  square  miles  ;  surface 
undulating,  oak  openings  and  prairie,  soil  extremely 
fertile.  Principal  streams,  St.  Joseph  and  tributaries. 
Pop.  1840,  7,068.  Centerville  is  the  county  seat. 

Tuscola  Co.  contains  about  800  square  miles ; 
surface  level,  some  swamp.  Cass  river  is  the  prin- 
cipal stream,  (unorganized.) 

Washtenaw  Co.  contains  720  square  miles ;  sur- 
face gently  undulating,  soil  extremely  fertile.  Prin- 
cipal streams,  Huron  river  and  tributaries,  and  north 
branch  of  Raisin.  Pop.  1840,  23,571.  Ann  Ar- 
bor is  the  county  seal. 

Wayne  Co.  contains  about  620  square  miles  ;  sur- 
face level,  soil  fertile.  Detroit  strait  forms  its  east- 
ern boundary.  Huron  and  Rouge  are  the  principal 
streams.  Pop.  1840,  24,173.  Detroit,  the  county 
seat  of  Wayne  co.,  and  capital  of  the  state,  is  situa- 
ted on  the  west  bank  of  "  the  strait."  The  plain 
on  which  it  stands,  is  elevated  about  30  feet  above 
the  surface  of  the  water,  commanding  an  extensive 
view  of  the  surrounding  country.  The  public  build- 
ings consist  of  the  state  house,  city  hall,  a  state  peni- 
tentiary, jail,  and  a  government  magazine,  8  church- 
es, 3  markets,  a  theater,  museum,  and  circus.  De- 
troit is  the  great  commercial  emporium  of  the  state, 
and  has  long  been  the  principal  depot  of  the  fur  trade 
of  the  northwest  region.  The  country  around  is 


100  MICHIGAN. 

rapidly  settling  ;  there  are  five  state  roads  diverging 
from  the  city,  and  two  railroads  in  progress  of  con- 
struction. Steam  vessels  ply  daily  between  Buffalo 
and  the  intermediate  places,  from  the  opening  of 
navigation  in  the  spring,  until  the  close  in  autumn ; 
extending  their  trips  to  Chicago  and  the  upper  lakes ; 
besides  which,  a  large  number  of  vessels  are  em- 
ployed in  the  lake  trade.  Detroit  was  first  settled 
by  the  French,  about  1683.  Pop.  1810,  was  770 ; 
in  1820,  1,442;  1830,  2,222;  1840,  9,102.  De- 
troit is  situated  296  miles  west  from  Buffalo,  186 
north  from  Columbus,  and  526  northwest  of  Wash- 
ington city. 

Van  Buren  Co.  contains  633  square  miles ;  sur- 
face level,  soil  fertile.  Drained  by  Paw-paw  and 
Black  rivers,  and  Dowagiake  and  Brush  creeks. 
Pop.  1840,  1,910.  Capital,  Paw-paw. 

Several  new  counties  have  been  erected  lately, 
their  names  will  be  found  in  the  following  table  : 

Aischum  Missaukie 

Anamickee  Negwegon 

Cheboigon  Neewaygo 

Cheonogut  Notipekago 

Huron  Ogernaw 

Kaynotin  Orneena 

Kautawaubet  Oscola 

Kaykakee  Okkuddo 

Keskauko  Presqu'Isle 

Leelenaw  Shawano 

Manistee  Tonedagana 

Mecosta  Unwattin 

Megissee  Wabassee 

Mikenauk  Wyandot 


MICHIGAN.  101 


INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  Southern  railroad,  commencing  at  the  navi- 
gable waters  of  the  Raisin  river,  to  pass  through 
Monroe,  Adrian,  Mason,  Centerville,  Mottville,  and 
terminating  at  New  Buffalo.  Length,  183  miles. 
Finished  to  Hillsdale. 

Central,  or  Detroit  and  St.  Joseph's  railroad,  com- 
mencing at  Detroit  and  passes  through  Ypsilanti, 
Ann  Arbor,  Jackson,  Marshall,  and  Kalamazoo,  and 
to  terminate  at  St.  Josephs.  Length,  194  miles. 
Finished  to  Marshall. 

•  Nor/hern  railroad,  to  commence  at  Port  Huron, 
and  extend  to  Grand  Haven.  Length,  201  miles. 
Survey  completed. 

Havre  Branch  railroad,  to  commence  at  Havre 
and  intersect  the  Erie  and  Kalamazoo  railroad,  near 
the  Ohio  line.  Length,  13  miles. 

The  Erie  and  Kalamazoo  railroad,  designed  to  con- 
nect the  navigable  waters  of  the  Maumee  and  Kala- 
mazoo rivers.  Finished  from  Toledo,  Ohio,  to  Adrian, 
Michigan,  a  distance  of  33  miles. 

Numerous  other  railroads  have  been  laid  out  and 
commenced,  and  also  the  Clinton  and  Kalamazoo  ca- 
nal, designed  to  connect  the  waters  of  Lakes  Mich- . 
igan  and  St.  Clair.  Length,  216  miles.  But  this, 
with  several  other  proposed  canals,  are  for  the  pre- 
sent suspended. 

9* 


102  WISCONSIN. 


WISCONSIN. 

WISCONSIN  TERRITORY  embraces  all  that  portion 
of  country  lying  north  of  the  State  of  Illinois ;  east 
of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  a  line  drawn  due  north 
from  its  source  to  the  boundary  between  the  United 
States  and  the  British  possessions  ;  and  west  of  the 
Montreal  and  Menomonee  rivers,  and  Lake  Michigan. 

Government. — The  legislative  power  is  vested  in 
the  governor  and  the  legislative  assembly. 

The  legislative  assembly  consists  of  a  council  of 
thirteen  members,  elected  for  four  years,  and  a 
House  of  Representatives  of  twenty-six  members, 
elected  for  two  years. 

Face  of  the  Country,  fyc. — The  surveyed  part, 
south  of  Green  Bay,  Fox,  and  Wisconsin  rivers,  is 
composed  of  timbered  and  prairie  land,  with  some 
swamps,  or  wet  prairies,  having  generally  a  soil 
from  one  to  ten  feet  deep. 

All  kinds  of  crops  which  are  raised  in  northern 
latitudes  may  be  cultivated  with  success  ;  and,  owing 
to  the  great  range  of  pasturage  on  the  prairies,  it  is 
an  uncommonly  fine  stock-raising  country.  The 
counties  of  Grant  and  Iowa  abound  with  lead  and 
copper  ore.  This  region  is  well  watered  with  clear 
perennial  streams  and  springs.  North  of  the  Wis- 
consin commences  a  hilly,  and  thence  northward 
gradually  swelling  into  a  mountainous  region,  the  sur- 
face becomes  rugged  and  broken,  the  streams  rush, 
ing  down  falls  and  rapids,  forming  in  many  places, 
wild  and  picturesque  views.  Near  the  sources  of 
the  Mississippi  is  an  elevated  table  land,  abounding 
with  lakes  and  swamps,  filled  with  wild  rice  and  fish. 


WISCONSIN.  103 

Bordering  the  Mississippi  and  Wisconsin  rivers,  the 
soil  is  rich,  and  the  surface  most  generally  covered 
with  a  heavy  growth  of  timber. 


SKETCH   OF   EACH   COUNTY. 


Brown  Co.  contains  (surveyed  part)  1,150  square 
miles  ;  timbered  land,  soil  good,  though  rather  too 
wet  and  cold.  Lake  Michigan  forms  its  eastern 
boundary.  Pop.  1840,  2,107.  Green  Bay  is  the 
county  seat.  Brown  Co.  also  extends  over  all  that 
part  of  the  territory  east  of  a  line  due  north  from  Fort 
Winnebago,  and  north  of  Fox  river. 

Crawford  Co.  contains  all  that  portion  of  country 
west  of  Brown  county,  north  of  Wisconsin  river,  and 
east  of  the  Mississippi.  Surface  hilly  and  mountain, 
ous,  soil  first  rate  on  the  river  bottoms.  It  contains 
the  heaviest  and  best  pineries  in  America,  with  a 
great  sufficiency  of  water  power  for  saw  mills,  &c. 
Pine  trees,  two  to  five  feet  in  diameter,  very  high, 
and  free  from  knots.  Lumber  averages  from  2£  to 
4^  cents  per  foot,  between  Prairie  du  Chien  and  St. 
Louis.  Pop.  1840,  1,502.  Prairie  du  Chien  is  the 
county  seat. 

Dane  Co.  contains  1,234  square  miles ;  one  quar- 
ter prairie  land.  Principal  streams,  are  the  Wiscon- 
sin river  on  the  north-west,  and  Catfish  river  and 
Sugar  creek  on  the  south.  The  Four  lakes  are 
situated  nearly  in  the  center  of  the  county,  beautiful, 
clear  sheets  of  water,  abounding  with  fine  fish,  and 
surrounded  with  a  fine  farming  country.  Pop. 
1838,  172,  and  1839,  500.  Madison,  the  capital 
of  the  territory,  is  situated  between  the  Third  and 
Fourth  lakes,  is  rapidly  improving  and  settling,  and 


104  WISCONSIN. 

is  the  most  beautiful  and  healthy  town  site  in  the 
west. 

Dodge  Co.  contains  756  square  miles ;  some 
prairie,  and  a  good  deal  of  swampy  land.  Principal 
streams  are  Rock  and  Beaverdam  rivers,  and  Rubi- 
con creek.  Pop.  1840,  67. 

Fond  du  Lac  Co.  contains  about  800  square  miles ; 
about  one  sixth  prairie  and  some  swamps.  Fox  river 
and  Lake  Winnebago  on  the  north.  Drained  by  Rock 
and  Milwaukee  rivers,  Crocodile  and  Martin's  creeks. 
Fond  du  Lac,  at  the  head  of  Winnebago  lake,  is  the 
proposed  county  seat.  Pop.  1840,  139. 

Grant  Co.  contains  between  11  and  1200  square 
miles  ;  principally  rolling,  prairie  land.  Lead  and 
copper  ore.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  western,  and 
the  Wisconsin  river  its  northern  boundary.  Drained 
by  the  Blue,  Grant  and  Platte  rivers.  This  county 
offers  great  inducements  to  emigrants,  as  a  great 
proportion  of  the  land  is  reserved  from  sale,  on  ac- 
count of  the  lead  ore  contained  in  it ;  the  right  of 
pre-emption  to  which  will  no  doubt  be  given  here- 
after to  all  who  now  are,  or  hereafter  may  settle 
upon  it.  The  soil,  including  mineral  land,  is  extreme- 
ly productive,  and  yields  from  50  to  65  bushels  of 
corn  to  the  acre,  60  to  70  oats,  20  to  35  wheat,  and 
rye  and  barley  in  like  proportions,  and  vegetables  not 
surpassed  either  for  quality  or  quantity.  Pop.  1840, 
3,926.  Lancaster  is  the  county  seat. 

Green  Co.  contains  576  square  miles ;  considera- 
ble  prairie  land.  Copper  and  lead  ore.  Peckatona- 
kee  river  and  Sugar  creek  are  the  principal  streams. 
Pop.  1840,  933. 

Iowa  Co.  contains  over  1,300  square  miles;  large 
and  beautiful  prairies.  Copper  and  lead  ore  in  great 


WISCONSIN.  105 

quantities.  Principal  streams  are  the  Peckatonakee 
and  Fever  rivers,  and  several  small  streams  that 
empty  into  the  Wisconsin  river,  which  forms  its 
northern  boundary.  Pop.  1840,  3,978.  Mineral 
Point  is  the  county  seat. 

Jefferson  Co.  contains  576  square  miles ;  timber, 
ed,  with  considerable  swampy  land.  Streams,  Rock 
river  and  tributaries.  Pop.  1840,  914.  Jefferson 
is  the  county  seat. 

Manitoowoc  Co.  contains  468  square  miles ;  heav- 
ily timbered,  good  land,  some  small  swamps.  Prin- 
cipal stream,  Manitoowoc  river  and  branches.  Pop. 
1840,  235.  Manitoowoc  is  the  proposed  county  seat. 

Milwaukee  Co.  contains  800  square  miles ;  a  fine 
timbered  county.  Streams,  Milwaukee  river,  (an 
excellent  mill  stream,)  Manawakee,  Root,  Des 
Plaines,  Fox,  and  branches  of  Rock  river.  Lake 
Michigan  forms  its  eastern  boundary.  Pop.  1840, 
5,605.  Milwaukee  is  the  county  seat. 

Portage  Co.  contains  756  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  timber  and  prairie.  The  Wisconsin  and  Fox 
river  forms  its  western  boundary.  Pop.  1840, 1,623. 
Fort  Winnebago  is  the  county  seat. 

Racine  Co.  contains  610  square  miles;  surface 
undulating,  timbered  land,  soil  rich.  Lake  Michi- 
gan forms  its  eastern  boundary.  Streams,  Des 
Plaines,  Fox,  Pike,  and  Root  rivers.  Pop.  1840, 
3,475.  Racine  is  the  county  seat. 

Rock  Co.  contains  720  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  large  proportion  prairie,  soil  good.  Principal 
streams,  Rock  river  and  tributaries.  Pop.  1840, 
1,701.  Rockport  is  the  county  seat. 

Sheboigan  Co.  contains  about  500  square  miles ; 
heavily  timbered,  soil  good.  Lake  Michigan  forms 


106  seowsm. 

its  eastern  boundary.  Sheboigan  river  and  branches 
are  the  principal  streams.  Pop.  1840,  133.  She- 
boigan  is  the  county  seat. 

Walworth  Co.  contains  675  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  timbered  and  prairie  land,  soil  very  fertile. 
Drained  by  Turtle  creek.  Pop.  1840,  2,611. 

Washington  Co.  contains  675  square  miles ;  sur- 
face covered  with  timber.  Milwaukee  river  is  the 
principal  stream.  Lake  Michigan  forms  its  eastern 
boundary.  Pop.  1840,  343. 

Calumet  Co.  contains  300  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating.  It  has  Winnebago  lake  on  its  wesi 
border.  Drained  by  Manitowoc  river.  Pop.  1840, 
725.  Capital,  Calumet. 

Marquette  Co.  contains  370  square .  miles ;  sur- 
face level.  Drained  by  Neenah  or  Fox  river.  Pop. 
1840,  18.  Capital,  Marquette. 

St.  Croix  Co.,  situated  in  the  northwest  part  of  the 
territory;  surface  hilly  and  broken.  Drained  by 
St.  Clair,  Rum,  and  St.  Francis  rivers.  Pop.  1840, 
809.  Capital,  St.  Croix. 

Sauk  Co.  contains  860  square  miles.  Drained 
by  Wisconsin  river  and  branches.  Pop.  1840,  102. 
Capital,  Prairi  du  Sac. 

Winnebago  Co.  contains  500  square  miles. 
Drained  by  Neenah  and  Punwaygun  rivers.  Pop. 
1840,  135.  Capital,  Oshkosh.  . 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Chien  railroad,  to  com- 
mence at  Milwaukee,  on  Lake  Michigan,  and  terminate  at 
Prairie  du  Chien  on  the  Mississippi  river. 

The  Portage  canal,  to  connect  Wisconsin  and  Fox  rivers, 
forming  a  steamboat  navigation  between  Buffalo  'and  Ne\v 
Orleans. 


IOWA.  107 


IOWA. 

IOWA  TERRITORY  embraces  all  that  portion  of 
country  lying  north  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  west  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  and  a  line  due  north  from  its 
source  to  the  British,  possessions,  south  of  the  British 
possessions,  and  east  of  the  Missouri  and  White-earth 
rivers.  This  country  was  erected  into  a  separate 
territorial  government  by  act  of  Congress,  in  June, 
1838  ;  the  commencement  of  the  government  dated 
from  the  4th  of  the  succeeding  July. 

The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  the  Governor 
and  the  Legislative  Assembly,  which  consists  of  a 
council  of  13  members,  elected  for  2  years,  and  a 
House  of  Representatives  of  26  members,  elected 
annually.  The  sum  of  $20,000  has  been  appropri. 
ated  by  the  government  of  the  United  States,  to  erect 
public  buildings  at  the  seat  of  the  territorial  govern- 
ment. 

That  part  of  the  territory  which  has  been  survey, 
ed,  is  a  strip  on  the  Mississippi  of  about  an  average 
width  of  60  miles  ;  extending  from  the  north  boun. 
dary  of  the  state  of  Missouri,  a  distance  of  210 
miles,  to  the  Yellow  river.  This  portion  is  more  or 
less  settled  ;  it  is  a  beautiful,  fertile,  healthy,  and  un. 
dulating  country,  interspersed  with  timber  lands  and 
prairies,  abounding  in  springs  and  mill  streams.  It 
is  now  settling  very  rapidly,  with  enterprising  and 
industrious  inhabitants.  The  streams  rise  in  the 
great  prairies,  and  those  which  have  an  easterly 
course  unite  with  the  Mississippi,  the  eastern  boun- 
dary of  the  territory,  while  those  which  flow  in  a 
westerly  direction,  fall  into  the  Missouri  river.  The 


108  IOWA. 

streams  which  flow  through  the  surveyed  part  are 
the  Des  Moines,  Skunk,  Iowa,  Wapsipinecon,  Maco- 
queta,  Turkey,  and  Yellow  rivers  ;  further  north,  is 
the  Upper  Iowa,  and  still  further,  the  St.  Peter's 
river,  which  rises  near  the  "  sacred  red  pipestone 
quarries"  of  the  Indians. 

COUNTIES  IN  IOWA. 

Buchanan  Co.,  drained  by  Macoqueta  and  Wap- 
sipinecon rivers,  (unorganized.) 

Cedar  Co.  contains  578  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  soil  fertile.  Watered  by  Cedar  river 
and  branches.  Pop.  1840,  1,253.  Capital,  Tipton. 

Clayton  Co.  contains  720  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  bluffs  on  the  margin  of  the  Mississippi. 
Lead  mines  have  been  found.  Drained  by  Turkey 
river.  Pop.  1840, 1,101.  Capital,  Prairie  La  Porte. 
.  Delaware  Co.  contains  576  square  miles  ;  surface 
rolling,  soil  fertile.  Drained  by  Macoqueta  river 
and  branches.  .Pop.  1840,  168. 

Des  Moines  Co.  contains  410  square  miles ;  sur- 
face undulating,  soil  very  fertile.  The  Mississippi 
river  flows  on  its  east  border.  Drained  by  Skunk 
river  and  tributaries.  Pop.  1840,  5,577.  Capital, 
Burlington. 

Du  Buque  Co.  contains  640  square  miles  ;  surface 
uneven,  soil  productive.  This  county  contains  the 
richest  portion  of  the  mineral  region  in  Iowa.  It 
has  the  Mississippi  on  its  east  boundary.  Drain- 
ed by  several  small  streams,  falling  into  the  Missis- 
sippi. Pop.  1840,  3,059.  Capital,  Du  Buque. 

Fayette  Co. ;  surface  level,  soil  fertile.  Drained 
by  the  Macoqueta,  Turkey,  and  Wapsipinecon  riv- 
ers, (unorganized.) 


IOWA.  109 

Henry  Co.  contains  432  square  miles ;  surface 
high,  dry,  and  rolling;  soil,  dark  loam,  of  most  ex- 
haustless  fertility.  Drained  by  Checauque  river  and 
tributaries.  Pop.  1840,  3,772.  Capital,  Mount 
Pleasant. 

Jackson  Co.  contains  623  square  miles ;  surface 
undulating,  or  slightly  broken,  soil  fertile.  The 
Mississippi  river  forms  its  eastern  boundary.  It  has 
great  mineral  riches,  containing  a  variety  of_  rich 
ores.  Pop.  1840,  1,411.  Capital,  Bellevue.  " 

Jefferson  Co.  contains  380  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  soil  fertile.  Drained  uy  Checauque  river  and 
branches.  Pop.  1840,  2,773.  Capital,  Fail-field. 

Johnson  Co.  contains  610  square  miles;  surface 
uneven,  soil  fertile.  Drained  by  Iowa  river  and 
branches.  Pop.  1840,  1,491.  Capital,  Iowa  city. 

Jones  Co.  contains  576  square  miles ;  surface 
gently  undulating,  soil  fertile.  Drained  by  Maco- 
queta  and  Wapsipinecon  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  471. 
Capital,  Edinburg. 

Lee  Co.  contains  600  square  miles ;  surface  un- 
dulating, soil  fertile.  Drained  by  Checauque  and 
Des  Moines  rivers.  Pop.  1840,  6,093.  Capital, 
Fort  Madison. 

Linn  Co.  contains  720  square  miles ;  surface  gen- 
tly  undulating,  soil  very  fertile.  Drained  by  Iowa 
and  Wapsipinecon  rivers  and  branches.  Pop.  1840, 
1,373.  Capital,  Marion. 

Louisa  Co.  contains  442  square  miles;  surface 
various,  soil  very  fertile.  It  has  the  Mississippi  or 
its  east  border.  Drained  by  Iowa  river  and  branches. 
Pop.  1840,  1,927.  Capital,  Wappelo. 

Muscatine  Co.  contains  440  square  miles ;  sur- 
face various,  soil  along  the  Mississippi,  which  bounds 
10 


110  IOWA. 

it  on  the  east,  exceedingly  fertile.  Drained  by  Red 
Cedar  river.  Pop.  1840,  1,942.  Capital,  Bloom- 
ington. 

Scott  Co.  contains  540  square  miles  ;  surface 
gently  rolling,  soil  very  fertile.  It  has  the  Missis- 
sippi river  on  the  east.  Drained  by  Wapsipinecon 
river.  Pop.  1840,  2,140.  Capital,  Davenport. 

Van  Buren  Co.  contains  504  square  miles ;  sur- 
face various,  soil  very  fertile.  Drained  by  the  Des 
Moines  river  and  branches.  Copper,  iron,  and  tin 
ore,  and  a  fine  marble  are  found.  Pop.  1840, 6,146. 
Capital,  Kesauque. 

Washington  Co.  contains  576  square  miles ;  sur- 
face level,  soil  fertile.  Drained  by  Checauque  and 
Iowa  rivers  and  branches.  Pop.  1840,  1,594. 
Capital,  Washington. 

That  portion  of  Iowa  ceded  by  the  Sacs  and 
Foxes  to  the  United  States  in  1842,  and  included 
in  the  counties  of  Davis,  Appanouse,  Wappelo, 
Kishkeekosh,  Keokuck,  Mahaska,  Iowa,  Powashiek, 
Benton,  Tama,  and  Blackhawk,  is  similar  to  the 
adjoining  counties  on  the  east  as  regards  its  surface, 
and  the  quality  of  its  soil  is  unsurpassed. 


PRINCIPAL   STAGE    ROUTS    IN    OHIO. 


Ill 


PRINCIPAL  STAGE  ROUTS  IN  OHIO. 


From  Columbus  to  Pi 
Pa. 

To  Reynoldsburg,    . 
'    Kirkersville,  .     . 
4    Hebron,     .     .     . 
4    Brownstown, 
'    Kanesville,     .     . 
4    Norwich,  .     .     . 
4    Cambridge,    .     . 
4    Washington,  .     . 
4    Middleburn,  .     . 
4    Fairview,  .     .     . 
4    Morristown.  . 
4    St.  Clairsville,     . 
•    Wheeling,  Va.,  . 
4    Washington,  Pa., 
4    Pittsburg,  .     .     . 

ttsb 

11 
11 
5 
12 
14 
12 
12 
8 
6 
8 
10 
9 
9 
32 
25 

*rg, 

22 
27 
39 
53 
65 
77 
85 
91 
99 
109 
118 
127 
159 
184 

From  Columbus  to  Cir 
Wilmington,  .     . 
Clarksville,     .     . 
Goshen,     .     .     . 
Milford,     .     .     . 
Cincinnati,     .     . 

cinr 
20 
8 
16 
8 
14 

ati. 
59 
67 
83 
91 
105 

From   Columbus  to  . 
polis,  la. 
To  Jefferson,  .     .     . 
4    La  Fayette,    .     . 
'    Brighton,  .     .     . 
'    Springfield,    .     . 
'    Fairfield,  .     .     . 
4    Dayton,     .     .     . 
'    Eaton,  .... 
*    Richmond,  la.,  . 
4    Centerville,    .     . 
4    Cambridge,    .     . 
4    Lewisville,      .     . 
4    Charlottesville,    . 
1    Portland,  .     .     . 
4    Greenfield,     .     . 
4    Cumberland,  .     . 
4    Indianapolis,  .     . 

rndi( 

14 
8 
9 
12 
13 
12 
24 
17 
6 
9 
10 
14 
2 
6 
10 
11 

at  n- 

22 
31 
43 
56 
68 
92 
109 
115 
124 
134 
148 
150 
156 
166 
177 

From  Columbus  to  \\ 
ton  City. 
To  Wheeling,  Va.    . 
'    Washington,  Pa., 
4    Cumberland,  .     . 
4    Hagarstown,  .     . 
4    Frederick,      .     . 
4    Washington  City, 

'ash 

127 
32 
99 
64 

26 
40 

ing. 

159 
258 
322 
348 
393 

From  Columbus  to  Gr 
To  JpfT'rson,  .     .     . 
4    Mechanicsburg, 
4    Urbanna,  .     .     . 
'    Piqua,  .... 
4    Greenville,     .     . 

?env 
14 
18 
11 

27 
50 

Me. 

32 
43 

70 
12C 

From  Columbus  to  Pi 
Pa.,  via  Steubenv 
To  Cambridge,    .     . 
'    Cadiz,  .... 
4    Stcubenville,  .     . 
4    Pittsburcr,       .     , 

ttsb 
Me. 
77 
40 
24 
35 

*rg, 

1*7 
141 

176 

From  Columbus  to  C 
Bellefontaine,       .     . 
St..  Mary's,      .     .     . 
Wiltshire  
Fort  Wayne,  .     .     . 
Chicago,     .... 

hica 
52 
40 
24 
28 
373 

go. 

92 

116 
144 
507 

From  Co  hint  bus  to  PL 
To  Circleville,      .     . 
4    Chillieothe,     .     . 
'    Piketon,    .     .'    . 
4    Portsmouth,   . 

rtsn 
26 
19 
20 
25 

i*tk. 

45 
65 
90 

From  Columbus  to  Cir 
To  Mt.  Sterling,  .     . 
4   Washington,  .     .. 

cim 
22 
17 

int;. 

17 

From  Columbus  to  tia 
To  Worthington, 
1    Delaware,      .     . 

ndusky. 
91  . 
15|  34 

112 


DISTANCES    ON    THE    OHIO    CANAL. 


From  Columbus  to  Sandusky. 

From  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  to  Cleve- 

«   Norton,     .     .     . 

10 

34 

land. 

'    Marion,     .     .     . 

10 

44 

'    Euclid,      .     .     . 

10 

182 

'    Bucyrus,   .     .     . 

19 

63 

'    Cleveland,      .     . 

10 

192 

1    Sandusky  City,  . 

45 

108 

From  Cleveland  to  Ferrysb'g. 

From  Columbus  to  Cleveland. 

To  Rockport,       .     . 

8 

To  Blendon,    .     .     . 

11 

. 

'    Elyria,       .     .     . 

15 

23 

«    Galena,     .     .     . 

9 

20 

'    Vermillion  river, 

14 

37 

'    Centerburg,    .     . 

13 

33 

'    Norwalk,  .     .     . 

16 

53 

'    Mt.  Vernon,  .     . 

12 

45 

«    Monroe,    .     .     . 

4 

57 

•    Loudonville,  .     . 

22 

67 

'    Amsden,   .     .     . 

10 

67 

'    Wooster,  .     .     . 

20 

87 

'    Lower  Sandusky, 

15 

82 

4    Jackson,   .     .     . 

12 

99 

•    Portage  river,     . 

15 

97 

«    Medina,    .     .     . 

12 

m 

'    Perrysburg,    .     . 

16 

113 

'    Strongsville,  .     . 
'    Cleveland,      .     . 

12 
15 

123 
138 

From  Cincinnati  to  Sandusky 
City. 

From  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  to  Cleve- 

To Lebanon,  .     .     . 

30 

. 

land. 

Xenia,  .... 

24 

54 

To  Fredonia,  .     .     . 

42 

Springfield,    .    . 

18 

72 

Erie,  Pa.,  .     .•    . 

48 

90 

Urbanna,  .     .     . 

14 

86 

Conneaut,      .     . 

30 

120 

Maysville,      .     . 

23 

109 

Ashtabula,      .     . 

14 

134 

Marion,     .     .     . 

27 

136 

Unionville,     .     . 

14 

148 

Bucyrus,    .     .     . 

18 

154 

Painesvllle,     .     . 

14 

162 

Caroline,  .     .     . 

17 

171 

Willoughby,  .     . 

10 

172 

Sandusky  City,  . 

29 

200 

DISTANCES  ON  THE  OHIO  CANAL. 


Names  of  Places. 

55 

11 

fag 

Si 

fa  ~ 

Names  of  Places. 

s  a 

£5 

§£ 

£5 

si 

-.--, 

Cleveland, 

309 

Lockport, 

4 

97 

212 

Mill  Creek,   . 

9 

9 

300 

Trenton,  .    . 

6 

103 

206 

Boston,     .     . 

12 

21 

288 

Gnadenhutten, 

5 

108 

201 

Old  Portage, 

11 

32 

277 

Port  Washington, 

4 

112 

197 

Akron,      .    . 

6 

33 

271 

New  Connerstown 

6 

11$ 

191 

New  Portage, 

6 

44 

265 

Evansburg,   . 

4 

122 

187 

Clinton,     .    . 

8 

52 

257 

New  Port. 

10 

132 

177 

Fulton.      .    . 

4 

56 

253 

Roscoe,     .    . 

3 

135 

174 

Massillon, 

9 

65 

244 

Adams'  Mills, 

10 

145 

164 

Bethlehem,   . 

6 

71 

238 

Webbsport,  . 

4 

149 

160 

Bolivar,    .    . 

9 

80 

229 

Frazeysburg, 

6 

155 

154 

Dover,       .    . 

13 

93 

216 

Nashport, 

6 

161 

149 

STAGE    EOUTS    IN    MICHIGAN. 


113 


Names  of  Places. 

IN  .J 

1(1 

!» 

&HO 

II 
•~  o 
BNPj 

Names  of  Places. 

£s 

£5 

S'= 

0  C 

NO 

C   u 

I  3 

fc>-» 

Lickingtown,  .  . 
Newark,  .  .  . 

9 
6 
9 
6 
fi 
6 
2 
6 
11 
7 
8 
14 
8 
22 
6 
15 
8 

170 
176 
185 

1!  >.l 

196 
•202 
204 
290 
221 
228 
236 
250 
258 
280 
286 
301 
309 

139 
133 
124 
118 
113 
107 
103 
99 
88 
81 
73 
59 
51 
29 
23 
8 
0 

Hamilton,     .    . 
Middletown, 
Franklin,       .     . 
Miamiesburg,    . 
Dayton,    .    .    . 
Troy,    

16 
14 
4 
5 
15 
82 
8 
2 
26 
64 

28 
42 
46 
51 
66 
88 
96 
96 
124 
178 

150 
136 
132 
127 
112 
90 
82 
80 
54 
0 

Millersport,  .  .  . 
Baltimore,  .  .  . 
Havensport,  .  . 
Carrol,  .... 
Winchester.  .  .  . 
Lockburn,  .  .  . 
Blonmfield,  .  .  . 
Circleville,  .  .  . 
Deer  Creek,  .  .  . 
Chillicothe,  .  .  . 
Waverley,  .  .  . 
Jasper,  .... 
Brush  Creek,  .  . 
Portsmouth,  .  .  . 

Piqua,  

Loramies  Creek,    . 
St.  Mary's,        .    . 
Junction  

WABASH  AND  ERIE  C 

From  Manhattan  to  the 
State  line. 
To  Toledo,  

ANA] 
Ind 

9 
0 
18 
32 
9 
16 

iana 

13 

30 

62 
71 
8* 

Maumee,     .... 
Head  of  the  Rapids, 
Defiance,    .... 
Junction,     .... 

MIAMI    CAJ 

Cincinnati,  .  .  . 

Carthage, 

*AL. 
12     12 

178 
166 

STAGE  ROUTS  IN  MICHIGAN. 


from  Detroit  to  Chicago,  Il- 

From L.  Sandusky,  0.,  to  Det. 

linois. 

To  Perrysburg,    .     . 

32 

To  Ypailanti,  .    .    . 
*    Saline,  .... 
«    Clinton,     .     .     . 
«    JonesviUe,      .    '. 
'    Coldwater,     . 

20 
7 
44 
20 

32 
52 
59 
103 
123 

'    Maumee,  .     .    . 
'    Toledo,      .     .     . 
'    Monroe,    .     .     . 
'    Brownstown, 
'    Detroit,      .     .     . 

1 
10 

18 
18 
23 

33 
43 
61 

79 
102 

'    Sherman,  .     .     . 

22 

145 

From  Monroe  to  Jackson. 

«    Mottville,  ."    .     . 

6 

151 

To  Dundee,    .     .     . 

15 

. 

'    Adamsville,    .     . 

13 

164 

'    Tecumseh,    .     . 

16 

31 

«    Edwardsburg, 
'    Bertrand,  .     .     . 

5 
9 

169 
178 

'    Clinton,     .     .     . 
'    Napoleon,      .     . 

6 
16 

37 
53 

«    La  Porte,  la., 

27 

205 

'    Jackson,    .     .     . 

12 

65 

•   Valparaiso,    .     . 

21 

226 

From  Toledo,  by  Rail-Road, 

Chicago,  HI.,  .    . 

50 

276 

To  Adrian,    .    .    . 

33J  . 

114 


STAGE    ROUTS    IN    INDIANA. 
STAGE  ROUTS  IN  INDIANA. 


From  Indianapolis  to  Cincin. 

From    Indianapolis    to    Ma. 

nati,  Ohio,  via  Brookville. 

dison. 

To  Sugar  Creek,      . 

. 

16 

*   Vernon,     .     .     . 

9 

64 

Morristown,  .     . 

11 

27 

*    Lancaster,     .     . 

12 

76 

Burlington,     .     . 

7 

34 

•    Madison,  .     .     . 

10 

8C 

Rushville,      .     . 
Laurel  City,  .     . 

8 
17 

42 
59 

From    Indianapolis    to   Fre. 

Brookville,      .     . 

13 

72 

donia. 

New  Trenton,    . 

11 

83 

To  Far  West,     .     . 

16 

Harrison,  .     .     . 

6 

89 

Martinsville,  .     . 

13 

29 

Miami,      .     .     . 

7 

96 

Bloomington, 

19 

48 

Cheviot,    .     .     . 

7 

103 

Springville,    .     . 

19 

67 

Cincinnati,     .     . 

7 

110 

Bedford,    .     .     . 

9 

76 

Orleans,    ... 

14 

90 

From  Indianapolis  to  Cincin- 

Paoli,   .... 

8 

98 

nati,  via  Lawrenceburg 

Miltown,  .     .     . 

19 

117 

and  Napoleon. 

Leven  worth,  .     . 

10 

127 

To  New  Bethel,  .     . 

9 

Fredonia,  .     .     . 

4 

131 

Wrightsdale, 
Brandywine,  . 

6 

7 

15 
22 

From  Indianapolis  to   Terre 

Shelbyville,    .     . 

5 

27 

Haute. 

Middletown,  .     . 

8 

35 

To  Bridgeport,     .     . 

. 

9 

St.  Omer,       .     . 

3i 

38i 

Plainfield,      .     . 

6 

15 

Greensburg,  . 

48 

Belleville,  .     .     . 

5 

20 

Napoleon,      .     . 

13 

61 

Stilesville,      .     . 

8 

28 

Laughery,      .     . 

12 

73 

Mount  Meridian, 

8 

36 

Manchester,  .     . 

8 

81 

Putnamsville, 

6 

42 

Lawrenceburg,  . 

10 

91 

Manhattan,    .     . 

3 

45 

Hardingsburg,    . 

2* 

93i 

Van  Buren,    .     . 

15 

60 

Elizabethtown,   . 

3i 

97 

I  no 

Terre  Haute, 

11 

71 

Cheviot,     .     . 
Cincinnati,     .     . 

7 

lUo 
115 

From   Indianapolis   to    WiL 

Hams-port. 

From    Indianapolis    to   Ma. 

f 
To  Clermont,       .     . 

. 

9 

dison. 

Brownsburg, 

5 

14 

To  Greenwood,  .     . 

11 

Jamestown,    .     . 

13 

27 

4    Franklin,  .     .     . 

9 

20 

Crawfordsville,   . 

17 

44 

•    Edinburg,      .     . 

10 

30 

Hillsboro,  .     .     . 

12 

56 

•    Columbus,      .     . 

11 

41 

Rob  Roy,  .     .     . 

14 

70 

4    Scipio,  .... 

14 

55 

Williamsport, 

4 

74 

STAGE    ROUTS    IN    INDIANA. 


115 


from  Indianapolis  to  La  fay. 

From    Jejfersonvillc    to    Co- 

ette. 

lumbus. 

To  Piketon,    .     .     . 

9 

To  Hamburg,      .     . 

9 

Rodman's,     .     . 

6 

15 

New  Providence, 

12 

21 

Lebanon,  .     .     . 

12 

27 

Salem,       .     .     . 

13 

34 

Thorntown,   .     . 

9 

36 

Brasilia,    .     .     . 

12 

46 

Frankfort,      .     . 

12 

48 

Valonia,     .     .     . 

6 

52 

Huntersville,  .     . 

13 

61 

Brownstown, 

3 

55 

Dayton,     .     .     . 

5 

66 

Rockford,       .     . 

12 

67 

La  Fayette,    .    . 

8 

74 

Reddington,  .     . 

5 

72 

Azalia,      .     .     . 

3 

75 

Columbus,      .     . 

9 

84 

From  Indianapolis  to  South 
•      Send. 

From   New  Albany  to   Vin- 

To  Augusta,  .     .     . 
Eagle  Village,     . 
Northfield,     .     . 

'5 

4 

9 
14 

18 

cennes. 

To  Greenville,     .     . 
M'Callan's*  R'ds, 

'7 

12 
19 

Kirklin,     .     .     . 

12 

30 

Fredericsburg,    . 

9 

24 

Michigantown,   . 
Burlington,     .     . 
Deer  Creek    •     • 

10 
11 

7 

40 
51 

58 

Paoli,    .... 

18 
17 
10 

42 
59 
69 

Columbiaville,     . 
Mount  Pleasant, 

Logansport,    .     . 
Meteor,     .     .     . 
Rochester,      .     . 

10 
13 
11 

68 
81 
92 

Washington, 
Berrysville,     .     . 
Vincennes,     .     . 

17 

7 
14 

86 
93 
107 

Chippewa,      .     . 

3 

95 

From  Evansville  to  Logans. 

Sidney,     .     .     . 

9 

104 

port,  via  Vincennes,  Terre 

Plymouth,      .     . 

8 

112 

Haute,  and  La  Fayette. 

South  Bend,  .     . 

24 

136 

To  Sandersville,  .     . 

1  Q 

10 

OQ 

From  Indianapolis  to  Green- 

Princeton,     .     . 
Patoka,     .    4     . 

lo 

3 

S2o 
31 

ville,  Ohio, 

Vincennes,     .     . 

20 

51 

To  Allisonville,  '  .    . 

. 

10 

West  Union, 

14 

65 

Noblesville,    .     . 

11 

21 

Carlisle,    .     .     . 

8 

73 

Strawtown,    .     . 

7 

28 

Merom,     .     .     . 

11 

84 

Andersontown,  . 

14 

42 

Turman's  Creek, 

9 

93 

Mill  Creek,    .     . 

5 

47 

Prairie  Creek,     . 

7 

100 

Yorktown,     .     . 

7 

54 

Honey  Creek,     . 

7 

107 

Muncietown, 

6 

68 

Terre  Haute, 

7 

114 

Windsor,  .     .     . 

6 

74 

Otter  Creek,  .     . 

8 

122 

Winchester,  .     . 

10 

84 

Clinton,     .     .     . 

6 

128 

Greenville,     .    . 

21 

105 

Montezuma,  .     . 

10 

139 

116 


STAGE    ROUTS   IN    ILLINOIS. 


From  Evansville  to  Logans- 

From  Evansville  to  Logans. 

port,  via  Vincennes,  Terre 

port,  via  Vincennes,  Terre 

Haute,  and  La  Fayette. 

Haute,  and  La  Fayette, 

Newport,  .     . 

9 

147 

La  Fayette,    .     . 

11 

206 

Eugene,    .     . 

7 

154 

Battle  Ground,    . 

8 

214 

Perrysville,     . 

7 

161 

Americus,      .     . 

4 

218 

Covington, 

7 

168 

Delphi,  .         .     . 

7 

225 

Portland,  .     . 

7 

175 

Pleasant  Run,     . 

3 

228 

Williamsport, 

6 

181 

Tiptonsport,  .     . 

5 

233 

Attica,  .     .     . 

2 

183 

Burnettsville,  .     . 

4 

237 

Shawnee  Prairie 

4 

187 

Amsterdam,  .     . 

4 

241 

Point  Pleasant, 

8 

195 

Logansport,    .     . 

8 

294 

STAGE  ROUTS  IN  ILLINOIS. 

From  Springfield  to  St.  Louis, 


\From  Sprinfield  to  Burling- 


To  Sugar  Creek,      . 
Douglass,  .     .     . 
Carlinville,     .     . 
Lincoln,    .     .     . 
Edwardsville, 
St.  Louis,  .     .     . 

10 
13 
14 
21 
18 
23 

23 
37 

58 
76 
99 

«    Brattleville,    .     . 
'    Macomb,  .     .     . 
'    Shokoken,      .     . 
1    Burlington,     .     . 

13 
12 

28 
8 

72 
84 
112 
120 

From  Springfld  to  V 
To  Hilisboro,  .     .     . 
'   Hurricane,     .     . 
'    Vandalia,  .     .     . 

nnil 
48 
15 
12 

ilia. 

63 

75 

from  Springfield  to  S 
via   Jacksonville, 
ton,  and  Alton. 
To  Berlin,       .     .     . 
Jacksonville,  .     . 
Manchester,  .     . 
Carroll  ton,     .     . 
Jerseyville,     .     . 
Alton,  .... 
St.  Louis,  by  steam 

t.Lo 
Car 

14 
17 
15 

18 
14 
20 
25 

uis, 

"Oil. 

31 

46 
64 
78 
98 
123 

From  Springfield  to  1 
via  Peoria  and  Ott 
To  Middletown, 
Dillon,       .     .     . 
Tremont,  .     .     . 
Groveland,     .     . 
Peoria,      .     .     . 
Little  Detroit,     . 
Black  Partridge, 
Crow  Meadow, 
Sandy  Creek, 
Vermillionville,   . 
Ottawa,     .     .     . 
Lisbon,     .    .     . 

?A»c 
awn 
23 
30 
5 
6 
7 
5 
13 
14 
7 
17 
11 
17 

<igo, 

53 
58 
64 
71 
7ff 
89 
103 
110 
127 
138 
155 

From  Springfield  to  1 
ton,  Iowa  Ter 
To  Silvan  Grove,     . 
«   Beardstown,  .     . 
1    Rushville,      .    . 

lurl 

30 
17 
12 

ing. 

47 
59 

STAGE    ROUTS   IN    ILLINOIS. 


11' 


From  Springfield  to  ( 
via  Peoria  and  Ot 
•    Plain  field,       .     . 
•    Du  Page,  .     .     . 
'    Cass,     .... 
4    Chicago,    .     .     . 

?Aic 
amn 
24 
8 
9 
22 

tgo, 

179 
187 
196 
118 

From    Vincennes,   la. 
Louis,  Mo. 
Salem,       .     .     . 
Carlyle,      .     .     . 
Shoal  Creek, 
Aviston,     .     .     , 
Lebanon,  .     .     . 
Rock  Spring, 
Belleville,  .     .     . 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  . 

,   to 

30 
22 
8 
7 
11 
4 
8 
15 

St. 

7G 
98 
106 
113 
124 
128 
136 
151 

from    Springfield    t 
Haute,  la. 
To  Rochester,     .     . 
'    Edinburg,       .     . 
•    Shelbyville,     .     . 
1   Locust  Grove,     . 
•    Cochran's  Grove, 
'    Paradise,  .     .     . 
*   Bethsaida,       .     . 
«   Cole.  C.  H.,   .     . 

o   T 

8 
19 
32 
5 
6 
8 
8 
8 
7 
5 
7 
11 
9 
11 

erre 

27 
59 
64 
70 
78 
86 
94 
101 
106 
113 
124 
133 
144 

From  Vincennes  la.,  t 
To  Russellville,    .     . 
Palestine,  .     .     . 
Hutsonville,    .     . 
Fork  

o  Ju 
8 
14 
8 
5 
8 
9 
14 
12 
15 
10 
15 
22 
12 
42 
19 

Het. 

22 
30 
35 
43 
52 
66 
78 
93 
103 
118 
140 
152 
194 
213 

Darwin,     .     .     . 
Livingston,     .     . 
-Paris,    .... 
Bloomfield,     .     . 
Georgetown,  .     . 
Danville,    .     .     . 
North  Fork,  .     . 
Driftwood,      .     . 
Iroquois,    .     .     . 
Forked  Creek,    . 

«  Bachelorsville,     . 
«  Hitesville,  .     .     . 
4   Grand  View,  .     . 
«   Paris,    .... 
4    Elbridge,  .     .     , 
'   Terre  Haute, 

Fm  Vandalia  to  Terr 
To  Cumberland, 
'   Ewington,      .     . 
1   Woodbury,    .     . 
'   Greenup,   .     .     . 
«    Martinsville,  .     . 
«   Marshall,  .     .     . 
'    Terre  Haute, 

tHa 
6 
17 
22 
7 
16 
12 
16 

ute. 

23 
45 
52 
68 
80 
96 

From    Shawneetown 
Louis. 

To  Equality,   .     .     . 
'   Curran,      .     .     . 
4   Fancy  Farm, 
4   Frankfort,       .     . 
'   Nashville,  .     .     . 
4   Oakau,      .     .     . 
4   Belleville,  .     .     . 
'   St.  Louis,  .     .     . 

to 

15 
11 
12 
9 
51 
13 
22 
15 

St. 

26 
38 
47 
104 
107 
129 
144 

From  Vandalia  to  St 
To  Mulberry  Grove, 
'    Greenville,      .     . 
•    Hickory  Grove,  . 
'   Silver  Creek, 
'   Collinsville,    .     . 
«    St.  Louis,  .     .     . 

.  Lv 
10 
7 
9 
17 
10 
12 

uis. 

17 
26 
43 
53 
65 

From  Kaskaskia  to 
To  Shannon's  Store, 
'    Elkhorn,    .     .     . 
'    Nashville,      .     . 
'    Salem,      .     .     . 

Sale 
16 
16 
7 
31 

71. 

32 
39 
70 

From    Viricennes,  la. 
Louis,  ]\Io. 
To  Lawrenceville,    . 
4   Maysville,       .     . 

,  to 

10 
36 

St. 

46 

118 


STAGE    ROUTS    IN    ILLIKOJS. 


From  Kaskaskia  to  S 
To  Prairie  du  Rocher, 
•    Waterloo,  .     .     . 
1    Columbia, 
'    St.  Louis,      .     . 

.Lo 
13 

18 
7 
15 

tl-Z*. 

31 

38 
53 

From  Peoria  to  Ga 
Dixon's  Ferry, 
Buffalo  Grove,    . 
Cherry  Grove,     . 
Apple  River,  .     . 
Galena, 

tew  a 
40 
12 
16 
21 
18 

83 
95 
111 
132 
15i) 

from  Alton  to  Car 
To  Upper  Alton, 
'   Edwardsville, 
'   Clifton,      .     .     . 
*    Shoal  Creek, 
«    Carlyle,      .     .     . 

lyle 
2 
11 
23 
9 
8 

13 

36 
45 
53 

From  Peoria  to  Oqu 
To  Knoxville,      .     . 
'   Monmouth,    .     . 
«    Oquavvka,      .     . 

awk 
43 
20 
17 

a. 

63 

80 

From  Jacksonville  to 
ra,  Mo. 
To  Geneva,    .     .     . 
Exeter,      .     .     . 
Naples,      .     .     , 
Griggsville,     .     . 
Liberty,     .     .     . 
Quincy,     .     .     . 
Palmyra,   .     .     . 

Pal 

10 
6 

7 
7 
25 
14 
16 

my. 

16 
23 
30 
55 
69 
85 

From  Rushmlle  to  G 
To  Brattleville,     .     . 
Walker's  Grove, 
Macomb,  .     .     . 
Monmouth,    .     . 
Spring  Grove,     . 
Stephenson,    .     . 
Port  Byron,    .     . 
Port  Newberry,  . 
Savannah,      .     . 
Galena,      .     .     . 

aler 
14 
6 
7 
33 
7 
40 
18 
]5 
23 
30 

a. 

20 
27 
60 
67 
107 
125 
140 
160 
93 

From  Quincy  to  P 
To  Columbus,      .     . 
Clayton,    .     .     . 
Mt.  Sterling,  .     . 
Rushville,       .     . 
Washington,  .     . 
Lewistown,    .     . 
Canton,     .     . 
Farrnington,  . 
Peoria,       .     .     . 

'.oria 
15 
11 
11 
16 
14 
15 
14 
10 
23 

26 
37 
53 

67 
82 
96 
IOC 
129 

From  Chicago  to  G 
To  Belvidere,  .     .     . 
'   Galena,     .     .     . 

alen 
70 
80 

a. 
150 

From  Chicago  to  Ga 
Dixon's  Ferry 
To  Brush  Hill, 
'    Naperville, 
«   Aurora, 
4   Dixon's  Ferry     . 
«   Galena, 

ena 

16 

12 
12 

65 

74 

via 

28 
40 
105 
179 

From  Peoria  to  Gt 
To  Boyd's  Grove,    . 
4    Providence,    .     . 

dent 
37 
6 

t. 
43 

STAGE    ROUTS    IN    MISSOURI. 


119 


STAGE  ROUTS  IN  MISSOURI. 


From  Si.  Louis  to  S 
cisville. 
To  St.  Charles,    .     . 
'    Willsburg,      .     . 
•   Flint  Hill,  .     .     . 
1   Troy,    .     .     . 

t.F 

20 
8 
16 
10 
1(1 
21 
14 
8 
6 
10 
18 
13 
13 
13 

ran- 

28 
44 
54 
64 
85 
99 
107 
113 
123 
141 
154 
167 
180 

From  St.  Louis  to  F 
venworth. 

1    Liberty,     .     .     . 
'    Fort  Levenworth, 

art  j 

29 
35 

Lea. 

275 
310 

From  St.  Louis  to  j 
dence. 
To  Union,       .     .     . 
•    Mount  Sterling,  . 
1    Jefferson  City,     . 
'   Booneville,     .     . 
«    Jonesboro,      .     . 
'   Lexington,     .     . 
'   Independence,    . 

fnde 

53 
37 
37 

40 
24 
45 
40 

'ten. 

90 
127 
167 
181 
226 
266 

•   Auburn,     .     .     . 
•   Bowling  Green,  . 
<    Frankfort,       .     . 
•    New  London,     . 
'    Hannibal,       .     . 
'    Palmyra,    .     .     . 
4   La  Grange,    .     . 
'    Monticello,     .     . 
'    Barnesview,   .     . 
•   St.  Francisville,  . 

From  St.  Louis  to  N. 
To  Herculaneum,     . 
«   Potosi,  .... 
«   Farmington,  .     . 
'  Frederickton, 
'    Jackson,    .     .     . 
1   Cape  Girardeau, 
'   Benton,      .     .     . 
'   New  Madrid, 

Mad 
30 
37 
23 
17 
40 
10 
15 
43 

rid. 

67 

90 
107 
147 
157 
172 
215 

From  St.  Louis  to  Ft 
venworth. 
To  St.  Charles,    .     . 
Gallatin,    .     .     . 
Warrenton,    .     . 
Danville,    .     .     . 
Fulton,      .     .     . 
Columbia,       .     . 
Fayette,     .     .     1 
Keytesville,    .     . 
Carrollton,      .     . 
Richmond,     .     . 

n-t  J 

20 
21 
17 
23 
25 
24 
25 
29 
32 
30 

Lea. 

41 
58 
81 
106 
130 
155 
184 
21  G 
246! 

From  St.  Louis  to  j 
City,  via  Fulte 
To  Fulton,     .     .     . 
•   Bloomfield,     .     . 
'  Jefferson  City,    . 

reffe 
n. 
106 
11 
11 

rson 

m 

128 

CATALOGUE    OF 

MAPS,   CHARTS,   BOOKS,   &C, 

PUBLISHED  BY 

J.  H.  COLTON,  NEW-YORK. 

Mounted. 

MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW- YORK,  with 
parts  of  the  adjacent  country,  embracing  plans  of 
the  Cities  and  s^me  of  the  larger  Villages.  By 
Dfvid  II.  Burr.— 6  sheets 60  by  50  inches.  4,00 

MAP  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  with  the  environs  of  the 
City  of  New- York,  and  the  southern  part  of  Con- 
necticut. By  J.  Calvin  Smith.— 4  sheets. .  60  by  42  3,00 

MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  INDIANA,  compiled 
from  the  United  States  Surveys,  by  S.  D.  King; 
exhibiting  the  sections  and  fractional  sections,  situa- 
tion and  boundaries  of  Counties,  the  location  ot 
Cities,  Villages  and  Post  Offices — Canals,  Rail- 
roads and  other  internal  improvements,  &c.  &c. — 
6  sheets „... 66  by  48.  10,00 

MAP  OF  THE  STATK  OF  KENTUCKY.  By 

Dr.  Luke  Munsell.— 4  sheets 53  by  41 .      5  00 

SECTIONAL  MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  ILLI- 
NOIS, compiled  from  the  United  States  Surveys. 
Also,  exhibiting  the  internal  improvements;  dis- 
tances between  Towns,  Villages  and  Post  Offices  ; 
the  outlines  of  prairies,  woodlands,  marshes,  and 
the  lands  donated  to  the  State  by  the  Gen.  Govern- 
ment, for  the  purpose  of  internal  improvements 
By  J.  M.  Peck,  John  Messinger  and  A.  J.  Mathew- 

son.— 2  sheets 43  by  32.      2,50 

Portable,  1,50 

MAP  OF  THE  SURVEYED  PART  OF  THE 
STATE  OF  MICHIGAN.  By  John  Farmer.— 

1  sheet 35  by  25.      2,00 

Portable,  1,50. 


Mounted. 

MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  MICHIGAN  AND 
TERRITORY  OF  WISCONSIN,  with  parts  of 
Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois.  By  John  Farmer. — 

2  sheets 36  by  26. 

Portable,  1,00. 

MAP  OF  PALESTINE,  from  the  latest  authorities, 
chiefly  from  the  Maps  and  drawings  of  Robinson 
and  Smith,  wiih  corrections  and  additions  furnished 
by  the  Rev.  Dr.  E.  Robinson,  with  plans  of  Jeru- 
salem, and  the  Journeyings  of  the  Israelites.— 
4  sheets 80  by  62.  6,00 

MAP  OF  PALESTINE,  from  the  latest  authorities, 
chiefly  from  the  Maps  and  drawings  of  Robinson 
and  Smith,  with  corrections  and  additions  furnished 
by  the  Rev.  Dr.  E.  Robinson,  with  a  plan  of 
Jerusalem,  and  of  the  vicinity  of  Jerusalem. — 

2  sheets 43  by  32.      2,50 

Portable,  1,50. 

MAP  OF  EGYPT,  THE  PENINSULA  OF  MT. 
SINAI,  ARABIA  PETREA,  with  the  southern 
part  of  Palestine,  compiled  from  the  latest  au- 
thorities ;  showing  the  Journeyings  of  the  Chil- 
dren of  Israel  from  Egypt  to  the  Holy  Land. — 
1  sheet 32  by  25.  1,50 

MAP  OF  EUROPE,  by  J.  Pinkerton,  London,  re- 
vised and  corrected  from  the  latest  authorities.— 
1  sheet 32  by  25.  1,50 

MAP  OF  ASIA,  by  J.  Pinkerton,  London,  revised 
and  corrected  from  the  latest  authorities. — 
1  sheet 32  by  25.  1,50 

MAP  OF  AFRICA,  by  J.  Pinkerton,  London,  re- 
vised and  corrected  from  the  latest  authorities. — 
1  sheet 32  by  25.  1,50 

MAP  OF   NORTH  AMERICA,  from  the  latest 

authorities. — 1  sheet 29  by  26.      1,25 

Portable,  75c. 


Mounted. 

MAP   OF  SOUTH  AMERICA,  by  J.  Pinkerton, 
London,    revised   and    corrected  from    the   latest  - 
authorities.— 1  sheet 32  by  25.      1,50 

MAP  OF  THE  WEST  INDIES  AND  ADJA- 
CENT COASTS,  by  J.  Pinkerton,  London,  re- 
vised and  corrected  from  the  latest  authorities.— 

1  sheet, 32  by  25.      1,50 

Portable,  75c. 

MAP  OF  THE  WEST  INDIES,  WITH  PART 
OF  GUATEMALA.  By  David  H.  Burr.— 

1  sheet 26  by  22.      1,00 

Portable,  50c. 

MAP  OF  FRANCE,  BELGIUM,  and  the  adja- 
cent countries,  by  J.  Pinkerton,  London,  revised 
and  corrected  from  the  latest  authorities. — 
1  sheet. 32  by  25.  3,50 

MAP  OF  MEXICO.— 2  sheets.   . .  „ 44  by  32.      2,50 

Portable,  1,50. 

MAP  OF  THE  CITY  OF  BROOKLYN,  as  laid 
out  by  commissioners  and  confirmed  by  acts  of  the 
Legislature  of  the  State  of  New- York,  made  from 
actual  surveys  ;  the  farm  lines  and  names  of  origi- 
nal owners  being  accurately  drawn  from  authentic 
sources.  Containing,  also,  a  map  of  the  Village,  oj 
WiUiamsburgh  and  part  of  the  City  of  New-  York, 
&-c.  Sfc.— 2  sheets 48  by  36.  4,00 

MAP  OF  THE  COUNTRY,  THIRTY-THREE 
MILES  AROUND  THE  CITY  OF  NEW- 
YORK,  compiled  from  the  Maps  of  the  United 
States  Coast  Survey,  and  other  authorities. — 

1  sheet 29  by  26.      1,50 

Portable,  75c. 

STREAM  OF  TIME,  OR  CHART  OF  UNI- 
VERSAL HISTORY,  from  the  original 
German  of  Strauss,  revised  by  D.  Haskell. — 

2  sheets 48  by  32.      2,50 


Mounted. 

PORTRAITS  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS,  AND 
DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE.— 
1  sheet 42  by  31.  1,50 

A  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
LANDS  IN  IOWA,  being  a  minute  description  ot 
every  section  and  quarter  section,  quality  of  soil, 
groves  of  timber,  prairies,  ledges  of  rock,  coal  banks, 
iron  and  lead  ores,  water  falls,  mill-sites,  &c.  &c., 
with  a  map  of  the  surveyed  part  of  Iowa,  exhibiting 
the  sections,  townships  and  ranges,  compiled  from 
the  United  States  Surveys.  By  Jesse  Williams. 

— 1  sheet 32  by  22. 

Book  and  Map,  Portable,  1,50. 

SKETCHESOF  IOWA,  ORTHE  EMIGRANTS' 
GUIDE  ;  containing  a  correct  description  of  the 
agricultural  and  mineral  resources,  geological  fea- 
tures, and  statistics  of  the  territory  of  Iowa.  A 
minute  description  of  each  county  and  of  the  prin- 
cipal Towns  and  Indian  Villages,  prairies  and  tim- 
bered lands,  &c.  &c.  ;  with  a  map,  compiled  from 
the  United  States  Surveys,  exhibiting  the  bounda- 
ries of  Counties,  Township  lines,  prairies  and  timber 

lands,  &c.  &c. — 1  sheet 21  by  16. 

Book  and  Map,  1,50. 

THE  TRAVELLERS'  DIRECTORY  FOR 
ILLINOIS,  containing  accurate  sketches  of  the 
Sjate,  a  particular  description  of  each  county  and 
important  business  town,  a  list  of  the  principal 
roads,  stage  and  steamboat  routes,  land  offices,  tracts 
of  land  unoccupied,  a  description  of  the  timbered 
and  prairie  portions  of  the  state — the  rivers,  miner- 
als, animals,  internal  improvements,  climate  and 
seasons.  Ace.  &c.,  with  a  Map  of  Illinois,  compiled 
from  the  United  States  Surveys,  exhibiting  the 
sections  with  internal  improvements,  distances  be- 
tween towns,  villages  and  post  offices.  By  J.  M. 

Peck  and  John  Messenger. — 1  sheet 35  by  25. 

Book  and  Map,  1,50. 


Mounted. 

A.  M.,  Editor  of  McCnllochs'  Universal  Gazetteer, 
and  author  of  the  articles  relating  to  the  United 
States  in  the  American  edition,  pp.  267..J3ook,  75c. 


A  MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  THE 
BRITISH  PROVINCES,  MEXICO  AND  THE 
WEST  INDIES,  showing  the  country  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Extraordinary 
pains  has  been  taken  to  make  this  Map  per- 
fectly reliable  and  authentic  in  all  respects.  It  is 
engraved  on  steel  in  the  best  style  of  the  art, 
and  is  a  very  perfect  Map  of  the  inhabited  por- 
tions of  North  America.  In  schools  and  semina- 
ries especially,  it  deserves  to  take  precedence  of 
all  Maps  heretofore  published  in  this  country. — 
4  sheets 62  by  55.  5,00 

MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  THE  BRIT- 
ISH PROVINCES,  with  parts  of  Mexico  and  the 
West  Indies. — 4  sheets 48  by  38.  2,00 

AN  ILLUSTRATED  MAP  OF  HUMAN 
LIFE,  deduced  from  passages  of  Sacred  Writ. — 

1  sheet 25  by  20.        ,75 

THE  FAMILY  AND  SCHOOL  MONITOR,  an 
Educational  Chart,  by  James  Henry,  Jr.  In  this 
Chart  the  fundamental  maxims  in  Education,  Physi- 
cal, Moral  and  Intellectual,  are  presented  in  such 
a  manner,  as  to  fix  the  attention  and  impress  the 
memory.  It  cannot  fail  to  be  eminently  useful ;  in- 
deed, we  believe  the  public  will  regard  it  as  indis- 
pensable to  every  family  and  school  in  pur  country. 

2  sheets 42  by  32      1,50 

MAPS,  ATL ASSES,  GUIDE  BOOKS,  &c.,  of 
almost  every  description  wanted,  will  also  be  found 
at  the  same  place,  and  sold  on  reasonable  terms. 


Mounted. 

THE  WESTERN  TOURIST  AND  EMI- 
GRANTS! GUIDE,  through  the  States  of  Ohio, 
Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Missouri,  and  the 
Territories  of  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  being  an  accu- 
rate and  concise  description  of  each  state,  territory 
and  county,  with  a  Map,  showing  the  township, 
lines  of  the  United  States  Surveys,  the  boundaries 
of  counties,  position  of  villages,  &c.  By  J.  Calvin 

Smith. — 1  sheet 23  by  21. 

Book  and  Map,  1,00. 

MISSIONARY  MAP  OF  THE  WORLD,  pre- 
senting to  the  eye,  at  one  view,  the  moral  and 
religious  condition  of  the  world,  and  the  efforts  that 
are  now  making  for  its  evangelization.  It  is  so 
colored  that  all  the  principal  religions  of  the  World, 
with  the  countries  in  which  they  prevail,  and  their 
relation,  position  and  extent,  are  distinguished  at 
once,  together  with  the  principal  stations  of  the 
various  Missionary  Societies  in  our  own  and  other 
countries.  It  is  on  cloth,  each  hemisphere  six  feet 
in  diameter,  and  both  printed  on  one  piece  of  cloth 
at  one  impression*  making  a  map  with  borders  160 
by  80  inches,  and  so  finished  that  it  may  be  easily 
folded  and  conveyed  from  place  to  place,  and  sus- 
pended in  any  large  room.  160  by  80 10,00 

A  CHRONOLOGICAL  VIEW  OF  THE  WORLD, 

exhibiting  the  Leading  events  of  Universal  History  ; 
the  origin  and  progress  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  the 
obituary  of  distinguished  men,  and  the  periods  in 
which  they  flourished,  together  with  an  account  of 
the  appearance  of  comets,  and  a  complete  view  of 
the  fall  of  meteoric  stones  in  all  ages,  collected 
chiefly  from  the  article  "  Chronology"  in  the  New 
Edinburgh  Enclycopedia,  edited  by  Sir  David  Brew- 
ster,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  with  an  enlarged  view  oj 
important  events,  particularly  in  regard  to  American 
History,  and  a  continuation  to  the  present  time, 
collected  from  authentic  sources,  by  Daniel  Haskell, 


